CHOLERA, DIARRHEA AND DYSENTERY UPDATE (68): GHANA
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International Society for Infectious Diseases
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In this update:
Africa
[1] Cholera - Ghana (Central Region)
[2] Cholera - Ghana (Central Region) university students
[3] Cholera - Ghana (Brong Ahafo Region)
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[1] Cholera - Ghana (Central Region)
Date: Mon 22 Sep 2014
Source: Ghana Web [edited]
http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/r ... ?ID=326921
A total of 12 persons including a medical doctor and 3 student nurses have died from cholera in Cape Coast, the Central Regional capital. 922 cholera cases have been reported in various health facilities in the metropolis since the disease broke out in the region a few weeks ago. Some reported sick with diarrhea and vomiting after eating "kenkey" [fermented corn dough] and "waakye" [rice and beans] while others got infected by drinking sachet water.
The Cape Coast Metropolitan Director of Health Services, Mr Samuel Sosi cautioned that "nobody is safe and we must work harder to break the transmission as soon as possible." He indicated that the cases were coming in from Kotokuraba, Nkanfoa, London Bridge, and almost all suburbs of Cape Coast and from all social classes.
Some of the cases were also being brought in from neighbouring communities including Jukwa, Frami, and Elmina. He said that it was important for all to observe utmost sanitary and hygienic practices, saying the disease is sparing no one. He said some people begin treating the cases at home and only come to the hospital when the situation becomes critical.
He said the health directorate had already educated all domestic bursars on the disease to enable them educate the cooks on proper sanitary practices.
A total of 117 suspected cases have been reported at the University of Cape Coast hospital alone. The Vice Chancellor of the UCC, Prof DD Kuupole said at this year's [2014] matriculation ceremony that not all cases reported to the university's facilities were students, saying some came from the university's neighboring communities.
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[2] Cholera - Ghana (Central Region) university students
Date: Fri 19 Sep 2014
Source: Citi FM Online [edited]
http://www.citifmonline.com/2014/09/19/ ... -director/
The Director of University of Cape Coast (UCC) Health Service, Dr Aziz Kabiru has dismissed media reports that over a 100 students have been infected by cholera. Media reports have suggested that 100 students have been infected by cholera leading to the death of 2.
But in an interview with Citi News, Dr Kabiru clarified that on [Thu 18 Sep 2014], about 177 persons reported to the hospital with diarrhea related cases. Out of the number, about 117 were confirmed cholera cases with only 41 of them being students. The other patients were from surrounding communities.
According to him, "only one death has been recorded and we have taken blood samples to confirm whether it is cholera or food poisoning."
"The UCC health services do not only take care of students, it takes care of staff, staff dependents, and then the general public. We are surrounded by about 12 communities," he added. He added that before the university resumed, a total number of 68 cases of diarrhea related diseases were reported to the hospital and out of the number, 54 were confirmed to be cholera.
[Byline: Efua Idan Osam]
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[3] Cholera - Ghana (Brong Ahafo Region)
Date: Fri 12 Sep 2014
Source: AllAfrica, Government of Ghana report [edited]
http://allafrica.com/stories/201409121320.html
Between 27 and 30 Aug 2014, 6 cholera cases were confirmed in Techiman Municipality at the Holy Family Hospital (HFH). The 6 reported cases created anxiety among the people and the general public as a whole. This brought major stakeholders in the Municipality such as the Techiman Municipal Assembly (TMA) and the Ghana Health Service (GHS) to strategize on measures that can prevent the spread of the cholera bacterium.
On 27 Aug 2014 the 1st suspected cholera case was reported at the Holy Family Hospital. The 2nd case was reported on the eve of 27 Aug 2014 from Tuobodom in the Techiman North district. On 28 Aug 2014, 2 cases were reported; 1 of them was a little child of 1 year 4 months from Nkoranza.
The 5th case was from Tainso in the Tain District who paid a visit to the brother in Techiman on 28 Aug 2014. On 29 Aug 2014, he experienced sudden abdominal pain followed by diarrhea and vomiting and was rushed to the hospital same day.
The 6th case lives in Techiman and reported at the Holy Family Hospital with frequent watery stools with vomiting on 30 Aug 2014.
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[The mortality from cholera is related to non-replacement of fluid and electrolytes from the diarrheal illness. It seems quite bizarre that health care deliverers developing cholera would die.
As cited in Lutwick LI, Preis J: Cholera. In: Tropical Pediatrics. Roach RR, Greydanus DE, Patel DR, Homnick DN, Merrick J (eds), 2014, Nova Science Publishers, 2015 (in press), oral rehydration therapy can be life-saving in outbreaks of cholera and other forms of diarrhea:
As reviewed by Richard Guerrant and colleagues (1), it was in 1831 that cholera treatment could be accomplished by intravenous replacement and, although this therapy could produce dramatic improvements, not until 1960 was it first recognized that there was no true destruction of the intestinal mucosa and gastrointestinal rehydration therapy could be effective and the therapy could dramatically reduce the intravenous needs for rehydration. Indeed that this rehydration could be just as effective given orally than through an orogastric tube (for example, references 2 and 3) made it possible for oral rehydration therapy (ORT) to be used in rural remote areas and truly impact on the morbidity and mortality of cholera. Indeed, Guerrant (1) highlights the use of oral glucose-salt packets in war-torn Bangladeshi refugees which reduced the mortality rate from 30 percent to 3.6 percent (4) and quotes sources referring to ORT as "potentially the most important medical advance" of the 20th century. A variety of formulations of ORT exist, generally glucose or rice powder based, which contain a variety of micronutrients, especially zinc (5).
The assessment of the degree of volume loss in those with diarrhea to approximate volume and fluid losses can be found in reference 6 below. Those with severe hypovolemia should be initially rehydrated intravenously with a fluid bolus of normal saline or Ringer's lactate solution of 20-30 ml/kg followed by 100 ml/kg in the 1st 4 hours and 100 ml/kg over the next 18 hours with regular reassessment. Those with lesser degrees of hypovolemia can be rehydrated orally with a glucose or rice-derived formula with up to 4 liters in the 1st 4 hours, and those with no hypovolemia can be given ORT after each liquid stool with frequent reevaluation.
References
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1. Guerrant RL, Carneiro-Filho BA, Dillingham RA: Cholera, diarrhea, and oral rehydration therapy: triumph and indictment. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37: 398-405; available at http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/37/3/398.long.
2. Gregorio GV, Gonzales MLM, Dans LF, Martinez EG: Polymer-based oral rehydration solution for treating acute watery diarrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009; (2): CD006519. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006519.pub2; abstract available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19370638.
3. Gore SM, Fontaine O, Pierce NF: Impact of rice based oral rehydration solution on stool output and duration of diarrhoea: meta-analysis of 13 clinical trials. BMJ 1992; 304(6822): 287-91; available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1881081/.
4. Mahalanabis D, Choudhuri AB, Bagchi NG, et al: Oral fluid therapy of cholera among Bangladesh refugees. Johns Hopkins Med 1973; 132(4): 197-205
5. Atia AN, Buchman AL: Oral rehydration solutions in non-cholera diarrhea: a review. Am J Gastroenterol 2009; 104(10): 2596-604; abstract available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19550407.
6. WHO: The treatment of diarrhoea, a manual for physicians and other senior health workers. 4th ed. 2005; available at http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2 ... 593180.pdf.
An illustration (supplied by Mod.JW) of how to make a "home brew" oral rehydration solution can be found at http://rehydrate.org/images/diy3.gif.
A HealthMap/ProMED-mail map of Ghana can be seen at http://healthmap.org/promed/p/53. The regions of Ghana can be seen on a map at http://www.ezilon.com/maps/images/afric ... -Ghana.gif. Only the 3 most northern regions of the country have been spared so far. - Mod.LL]
Aktuelle Epidemien in Afrika
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Hepatitis E in Sudan
HEPATITIS E - SUDAN (02): DISPLACED PERSONS
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Date: Thu 25 Sep 2014
Source: Radio Dabanga [edited]
https://www.radiodabanga.org/node/80910
The number of hepatitis E cases in South Darfur and Blue Nile states of Sudan has risen to more than 700 confirmed cases. Almost half of the reported cases were identified in South Darfur's Kalma camp for the displaced. In Blue Nile state, more than 80 cases have been reported, the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) in Sudan reports in its latest weekly bulletin released today, 25 Sep 2014.
According to the WHO, as of 17 Sep 2014, a total of 84 hepatitis E cases, with 3 deaths, have been reported in the area of Madina 10, Geissan locality, Blue Nile state. The actual number of people infected with the hepatitis virus may be much higher, as this is an area with a large population and most of the cases go unreported as people make use of traditional treatments.
In response, the Blue Nile state's Ministry of Health, with the support of Unicef, and the government's Water and Sanitation Department, is implementing controlling measures including active case searching, soap and chlorine tablet distribution, as well as health education and community awareness activities. WHO is supporting the Health Ministry in coordination, surveillance, active case finding, appropriate case management, and water quality monitoring and testing.
According to WHO, 628 people are suffering from hepatitis E in South Darfur. The number of patients in El Salam and Kalma camps is gradually declining, owing to treatment by humanitarian organisations. Cases have increased, however, in El Sareif camp, Nyala locality, during the last 3 weeks, OCHA reported.
Apart from treatment, humanitarian organizations have organised health education activities focusing on preventative measures. Jerry cans, soap and hygiene kits have been distributed, water points and storage containers were cleaned, new latrines constructed, the water quality tested, and infected water points disinfected.
The humanitarian organizations operating in South Darfur still face challenges and constraints, including insufficient ground water supplies and a lack of funding. There is also a significant shortage in the number of latrines available for use. Oxfam-USA has constructed 100 new latrines; however, this is well short of the 2000 latrines required.
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[Both South Darfur and Blue Nile states are in southern Sudan bordering the nation of South Sudan, where hepatitis E is also occurring.
The following discussion (with the citations removed) regarding various strains is from Kamar N, Bendall R, Florence Legrand-Abravanel F, et al: Hepatitis E. Lancet 2012;379: 2477-2488:
"Molecular characterization of various HEV [hepatitis E virus] strains circulating among human beings and animals has led to the recognition of 4 major genotypes, representing a single serotype. HEV1 and HEV2 are restricted to human beings and transmitted via contaminated water in developing countries. HEV1 occurs mainly in Asia, and HEV2 in Africa and Mexico. HEV3 and HEV4 infect human beings, pigs, and other mammalian species and are responsible for sporadic cases of autochthonous hepatitis E in both developing and developed countries. HEV3 has a worldwide distribution. By contrast, HEV4 mostly occurs in southeast Asia, but has recently been isolated in European pigs. Although HEV3 and HEV4 infections have been linked to the consumption of raw or undercooked pork or game meat, the full range of species that are reservoirs for HEV is still unknown. On the basis of full-length genome-sequence analyses, HEV genotypes have recently been characterized in rats in Germany, wild boars in Japan, and farmed rabbits in China. HEV1 can be classified into 5 subgenotypes, HEV2 into 2, HEV3 into 3, and HEV4 into 7. Phylogenetic analyses show that HEV subgenotypes circulating in human beings and animals in the same area are closely related, supporting zoonotic transmission. Studies of the evolutionary history and population dynamics of HEV show that HEV has evolved through a series of steps, in which the ancestors of HEV might have adapted to a succession of animal hosts leading to human beings."
Although generally considered to cause only acute infection, the review article also discusses chronic hepatitis E, which is defined by persisting HEV RNA in serum or stools for 6 months or more, in immunosuppressed patients. Most cases have occurred in solid-organ-transplant recipients. Additionally, a few cases have been reported in individuals with HIV and patients with hematological disorders receiving chemotherapy. Chronic infection with HEV1 or HEV2 has not been reported. - Mod.LL
A HealthMap/ProMED-mail map can be accessed at: http://healthmap.org/promed/p/96.]
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Date: Thu 25 Sep 2014
Source: Radio Dabanga [edited]
https://www.radiodabanga.org/node/80910
The number of hepatitis E cases in South Darfur and Blue Nile states of Sudan has risen to more than 700 confirmed cases. Almost half of the reported cases were identified in South Darfur's Kalma camp for the displaced. In Blue Nile state, more than 80 cases have been reported, the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) in Sudan reports in its latest weekly bulletin released today, 25 Sep 2014.
According to the WHO, as of 17 Sep 2014, a total of 84 hepatitis E cases, with 3 deaths, have been reported in the area of Madina 10, Geissan locality, Blue Nile state. The actual number of people infected with the hepatitis virus may be much higher, as this is an area with a large population and most of the cases go unreported as people make use of traditional treatments.
In response, the Blue Nile state's Ministry of Health, with the support of Unicef, and the government's Water and Sanitation Department, is implementing controlling measures including active case searching, soap and chlorine tablet distribution, as well as health education and community awareness activities. WHO is supporting the Health Ministry in coordination, surveillance, active case finding, appropriate case management, and water quality monitoring and testing.
According to WHO, 628 people are suffering from hepatitis E in South Darfur. The number of patients in El Salam and Kalma camps is gradually declining, owing to treatment by humanitarian organisations. Cases have increased, however, in El Sareif camp, Nyala locality, during the last 3 weeks, OCHA reported.
Apart from treatment, humanitarian organizations have organised health education activities focusing on preventative measures. Jerry cans, soap and hygiene kits have been distributed, water points and storage containers were cleaned, new latrines constructed, the water quality tested, and infected water points disinfected.
The humanitarian organizations operating in South Darfur still face challenges and constraints, including insufficient ground water supplies and a lack of funding. There is also a significant shortage in the number of latrines available for use. Oxfam-USA has constructed 100 new latrines; however, this is well short of the 2000 latrines required.
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[Both South Darfur and Blue Nile states are in southern Sudan bordering the nation of South Sudan, where hepatitis E is also occurring.
The following discussion (with the citations removed) regarding various strains is from Kamar N, Bendall R, Florence Legrand-Abravanel F, et al: Hepatitis E. Lancet 2012;379: 2477-2488:
"Molecular characterization of various HEV [hepatitis E virus] strains circulating among human beings and animals has led to the recognition of 4 major genotypes, representing a single serotype. HEV1 and HEV2 are restricted to human beings and transmitted via contaminated water in developing countries. HEV1 occurs mainly in Asia, and HEV2 in Africa and Mexico. HEV3 and HEV4 infect human beings, pigs, and other mammalian species and are responsible for sporadic cases of autochthonous hepatitis E in both developing and developed countries. HEV3 has a worldwide distribution. By contrast, HEV4 mostly occurs in southeast Asia, but has recently been isolated in European pigs. Although HEV3 and HEV4 infections have been linked to the consumption of raw or undercooked pork or game meat, the full range of species that are reservoirs for HEV is still unknown. On the basis of full-length genome-sequence analyses, HEV genotypes have recently been characterized in rats in Germany, wild boars in Japan, and farmed rabbits in China. HEV1 can be classified into 5 subgenotypes, HEV2 into 2, HEV3 into 3, and HEV4 into 7. Phylogenetic analyses show that HEV subgenotypes circulating in human beings and animals in the same area are closely related, supporting zoonotic transmission. Studies of the evolutionary history and population dynamics of HEV show that HEV has evolved through a series of steps, in which the ancestors of HEV might have adapted to a succession of animal hosts leading to human beings."
Although generally considered to cause only acute infection, the review article also discusses chronic hepatitis E, which is defined by persisting HEV RNA in serum or stools for 6 months or more, in immunosuppressed patients. Most cases have occurred in solid-organ-transplant recipients. Additionally, a few cases have been reported in individuals with HIV and patients with hematological disorders receiving chemotherapy. Chronic infection with HEV1 or HEV2 has not been reported. - Mod.LL
A HealthMap/ProMED-mail map can be accessed at: http://healthmap.org/promed/p/96.]
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Cholera in Ghana und Nigeria
CHOLERA, DIARRHEA AND DYSENTERY UPDATE (69): AFRICA
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A ProMED-mail post
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ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
http://www.isid.org
In this update:
Africa
[1] Cholera - Ghana (Eastern Region)
[2] Cholera - Ghana (Western Region)
[3] Cholera - Nigeria (Borno State), IDPs
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[1] Cholera - Ghana (Eastern Region)
Date: Wed 24 Sep 2014
Source: Ghana Web [edited]
http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/h ... ?ID=327198
The Akim Oda Government Hospital has recorded 49 cholera cases from August to September 2014, with 2 deaths. Ms Anastasia Atiogbe, Birim Central Municipal Director of Health Services, disclosed this in interview with the GNA-STAR Ghana Media Auditing and Tracking of Development projects team at Akim Oda in the Eastern Region.
The project is an initiative to promote participatory democracy and development of district assemblies and communities in the country. Ms Atiogbe explained that the 2 patients who died did not report early to the hospital and urged cholera patients to get to health facilities early before their condition deteriorates.
She said investigations revealed that some of the patients had previously travelled to Accra, adding that the hospital had set up an isolation ward for cholera cases. "We have embarked on an intensive education at the churches and the local radio stations to educate people on the nature of cholera," she said.
She advised people to observe hygienic practices such as washing their hands with soap after visiting the toilet, washing vegetables thoroughly before eating, and drinking clean water. Ms Atiogbe also advised people to chlorinate well water before drinking it.
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[2] Cholera - Ghana (Western Region)
Date: Thu 25 Sep 2014
Source: Ghana News Agency [edited]
http://www.spyghana.com/wr-records-120- ... f-cholera/
The Western Regional Director of Ghana Health Service, Dr Emmanuel Tinkorang, on Thursday [25 Sep 2014] disclosed that cholera cases in the region are increasing steadily. He said that, so far, 120 cases have been recorded in 9 districts, with one death, and warned residents to ensure personal hygiene and maintain proper sanitary conditions to avoid the infection. "You should wash your hands with soap and running water, eat hot meals and maintain proper hygiene to avoid infections," he explained.
Dr Tinkorang made the disclosure at the launch of this year's [2014] Family Planning Week Celebration in Takoradi.
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[3] Cholera - Nigeria (Borno State), IDPs
Date: Thu 25 Sep 2014
Source: The Guardian [edited]
http://allafrica.com/stories/201409250788.html
About 6 persons were feared dead Tuesday [23 Sep 2014] as a result of an alleged cholera outbreak at the resettlement camps in Maiduguri, following the influx of over 58 000 Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) from Bama, Konduga, Damboa, Dikwa and Marte over recent attacks by Boko Haram in the state. According to National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA) and Nigeria Red Cross (NRC) officials, the camps are at Women Day Teachers College and 2 others in the metropolis.
Speaking on the incident on 24 Sep 2014, Chairman of the state National Youths Service Corps (NYSC) orientation camp Bukar Amsami said that 30 persons, including children, were affected and taken to the state specialists hospital for treatment; 6 of them, however, died.
"The remaining 24 patients are, however, responding to treatment in the hospital, while the premises of the affected camps were fumigated by the Borno State Environmental Protection Agency (BOSEPA) to prevent further spread of cholera in the camps," he said.
However, the Chief Medical Director (CMD) Dr. Salisu Kwayabura denied any outbreak of cholera in the state. "No, it is not a cholera outbreak but a suspected case of diarrhea and vomiting. Cholera is proved after taking a sample or victim to a medical laboratory for diagnosis, testing and isolation. For your information and to the general public, we were able to prove that it was an outbreak of diarrhea and vomiting. The state government has provided adequate drugs free of charge to the infected persons, and they are responding to treatment," explained the CMD.
[Byline: Njadvara Musa]
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A ProMED-mail post
http://www.promedmail.org
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
http://www.isid.org
In this update:
Africa
[1] Cholera - Ghana (Eastern Region)
[2] Cholera - Ghana (Western Region)
[3] Cholera - Nigeria (Borno State), IDPs
******
[1] Cholera - Ghana (Eastern Region)
Date: Wed 24 Sep 2014
Source: Ghana Web [edited]
http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/h ... ?ID=327198
The Akim Oda Government Hospital has recorded 49 cholera cases from August to September 2014, with 2 deaths. Ms Anastasia Atiogbe, Birim Central Municipal Director of Health Services, disclosed this in interview with the GNA-STAR Ghana Media Auditing and Tracking of Development projects team at Akim Oda in the Eastern Region.
The project is an initiative to promote participatory democracy and development of district assemblies and communities in the country. Ms Atiogbe explained that the 2 patients who died did not report early to the hospital and urged cholera patients to get to health facilities early before their condition deteriorates.
She said investigations revealed that some of the patients had previously travelled to Accra, adding that the hospital had set up an isolation ward for cholera cases. "We have embarked on an intensive education at the churches and the local radio stations to educate people on the nature of cholera," she said.
She advised people to observe hygienic practices such as washing their hands with soap after visiting the toilet, washing vegetables thoroughly before eating, and drinking clean water. Ms Atiogbe also advised people to chlorinate well water before drinking it.
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[2] Cholera - Ghana (Western Region)
Date: Thu 25 Sep 2014
Source: Ghana News Agency [edited]
http://www.spyghana.com/wr-records-120- ... f-cholera/
The Western Regional Director of Ghana Health Service, Dr Emmanuel Tinkorang, on Thursday [25 Sep 2014] disclosed that cholera cases in the region are increasing steadily. He said that, so far, 120 cases have been recorded in 9 districts, with one death, and warned residents to ensure personal hygiene and maintain proper sanitary conditions to avoid the infection. "You should wash your hands with soap and running water, eat hot meals and maintain proper hygiene to avoid infections," he explained.
Dr Tinkorang made the disclosure at the launch of this year's [2014] Family Planning Week Celebration in Takoradi.
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[3] Cholera - Nigeria (Borno State), IDPs
Date: Thu 25 Sep 2014
Source: The Guardian [edited]
http://allafrica.com/stories/201409250788.html
About 6 persons were feared dead Tuesday [23 Sep 2014] as a result of an alleged cholera outbreak at the resettlement camps in Maiduguri, following the influx of over 58 000 Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) from Bama, Konduga, Damboa, Dikwa and Marte over recent attacks by Boko Haram in the state. According to National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA) and Nigeria Red Cross (NRC) officials, the camps are at Women Day Teachers College and 2 others in the metropolis.
Speaking on the incident on 24 Sep 2014, Chairman of the state National Youths Service Corps (NYSC) orientation camp Bukar Amsami said that 30 persons, including children, were affected and taken to the state specialists hospital for treatment; 6 of them, however, died.
"The remaining 24 patients are, however, responding to treatment in the hospital, while the premises of the affected camps were fumigated by the Borno State Environmental Protection Agency (BOSEPA) to prevent further spread of cholera in the camps," he said.
However, the Chief Medical Director (CMD) Dr. Salisu Kwayabura denied any outbreak of cholera in the state. "No, it is not a cholera outbreak but a suspected case of diarrhea and vomiting. Cholera is proved after taking a sample or victim to a medical laboratory for diagnosis, testing and isolation. For your information and to the general public, we were able to prove that it was an outbreak of diarrhea and vomiting. The state government has provided adequate drugs free of charge to the infected persons, and they are responding to treatment," explained the CMD.
[Byline: Njadvara Musa]
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Cholera in Ghana / Diarrhoe in Somalia
CHOLERA, DIARRHEA AND DYSENTERY UPDATE (70): AFRICA
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A ProMED-mail post
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ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
http://www.isid.org
In this update:
Africa
[1] Cholera - Ghana (national)
[2] Cholera - Ghana (Volta & Greater Accra Regions)
[3] Cholera - Ghana (Brong Ahafo Region)
[4] Cholera - Ghana (Eastern & Volta Regions)
[5] Diarrhea, fatal - Somalia (Lower Juba Region)
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[1] Cholera - Ghana (national)
Date: Wed 1 Oct 2014
Source: GhanaWeb, MyJoyOnline report [edited]
http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/h ... ?ID=328382
Cholera outbreak in Ghana has hit a record 17 000 cases with 150 deaths [case fatality rate = 0.8 percent - Mod.LL]. The last time Ghana suffered such a staggering number of cholera cases was in 1982.
Signs of the cholera outbreak were on the wall after heavy rains consistently exposed most markets in Accra as filthy. Foul smell of rubbish assailed the air as it sat by road sides and remained uncollected for days. Health officials warned that the disease caused by poor sanitary conditions and lack of good hygienic practices could break out.
In July 2014, the prediction became real with cases first reported in Accra. Most of the cases are from La Community, some from Osu, Teshie. Since then, the rise has been unrelenting with health facilities overburdened.
The Greater Accra Regional Directorate of the Ghana Health Service in August 2014 officially declared the outbreak ravaging parts as an epidemic. All regions in Ghana except the Northern Region have recorded cases.
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[A HealthMap/ProMED-mail map of Ghana can be seen at http://healthmap.org/promed/p/53. A map of the regions of Ghana can be seen at http://www.ezilon.com/maps/images/afric ... -Ghana.gif showing the location of the so far spared Northern Region. Previously, the 2 smaller regions north of the Northern Region had also been cholera-free and this moderator has not seen reports of the infection in the Upper East and Upper West Regions. - Mod.LL]
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[2] Cholera - Ghana (Volta & Greater Accra Regions)
Date: Tue 30 Sep 2014
Source: Ghana Web, CitiFM Online report [summ., edited]
http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/h ... ?ID=328154
The number of cholera cases in the Volta Region has seen a significant rise with over 400 cases, killing 6 people. The number has risen from an initial figure of 201 on 28 Sep 2014.
Dr Joseph Teye-Nuetey, the Volta Regional Health Director disclosed to citifmonline.com said the Ketu-South district recorded the highest number of cases, with 175 cases and 2 deaths. This is a sharp increase compared to the 65 cases recorded on 22 Sep 2014. Also, the Nkwanta South recorded 111 cases with 4 deaths, Ho-West, 12 cases, Ketu-North 47 cases, and the Ho Municipality recorded 4 cases.
Cholera cases in some of the worst affected areas in Accra have begun seeing some level of decline. In the La Dadekotopon area, the infection rate has declined by about 50 percent in the last 30 days. In the Accra Metropolitan Assembly the number of reported cases has decline by about 20 percent.
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[3] Cholera - Ghana (Brong Ahafo Region)
Date: Tue 30 Sep 2014
Source: Spy Ghana, CitiFM Online report [summ., edited]
http://www.spyghana.com/five-people-die ... ong-ahafo/
Dr Kofi Issah, Brong Ahafo Regional Deputy Director of Public Health has announced that 93 suspected cases of cholera have so far been recorded in the Region. Some cholera patients receiving treatment on benches He said they were recorded in 11 out of the 27 Municipal and Districts health centres, out of which 35 cases were confirmed and 5 people have died.
Speaking to newsmen in Sunyani, Dr Issah said the 1st case was recorded on 1 Aug 2014, and was imported from Accra. He said Atebubu-Amantin District recorded the highest cases of 44 out of which 4 people have died. Dr Issah said the district recorded outbreaks in 2011 and 2012 in a particular community because of their source of drinking water. The assembly therefore is making efforts to solve the problem by treating their source of drinking water, examining food vendors and organizing clean up exercises.
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail
<promed@promedmail.org>
******
[4] Cholera - Ghana (Eastern & Volta Regions)
Date: Tue 30 Sep 2014
Source: Ghana Broadcasting Corporation (GBC) [summ., edited]
http://m.gbcghana.com/1.1856171
The Volta Regional Director for health, Dr Nuertey said the Volta Region has seen a reduction in cholera cases contrary to reports that the incidence of the disease has doubled.
Meanwhile, reports reaching Radio Ghana reveal that 4 deaths from cholera cases have been recorded in the Eastern Region as the number of affected persons keeps increasing daily. The deaths occurred at Birim Central Municipality Nsawam Adoagyiri and Atiwa Districts. This was disclosed by the Acting Disease Control Officer at the Regional Health Directorate, Angela Quaye, in an interview with a Radio Ghana in Koforidua.
She said the Eastern Region has recorded 1200 cholera cases in 15 districts and a municipality, with West Akim leading with 341; Nsawam-Adoagyiri Municipality comes next with 309 cases followed by New Juaben Municipality with 161 cases. Mrs Quaye said all the necessary steps to help prevent the outbreak have been put in place, but human attitude continues to be a major hindrance with filth engulfing the society.
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail
<promed@promedmail.org>
[There seems to be a discrepancy regarding cases in the Volta Region in 2 of these postings, one stated that the number of cases is decreasing and the other stating that it is increasing. Both statements are attributed to the same person. - Mod.LL]
******
[5] Diarrhea, fatal - Somalia (Lower Juba Region)
Date: Tue 30 Sep 2014
Source: Diplomat News [edited]
http://diplomat.so/2014/09/29/acute-dia ... n-somalia/
At least 3 children died in Fafahdun locality in Lower Juba region after a diarrhea outbreak. The administrator of Fafahdun locality Adan Shuqul Nunow confirmed to Local Radio In Mogadishu that the death of the children is due to contracting waterborne diseases after drinking contaminated water, such as acute [watery] diarrhea [a euphemism for cholera - Mod.LL]
He stated that there are more people who were hospitalized after contracting the waterborne disease in the area, adding that their number increases day after day. Mr Shuquul said acute water shortage in the region, particularly Fafahdun locality, has encouraged many families to move to other areas in search of clean water and forced the remaining people to take dirty water, hence the spread of waterborne diseases.
The administrator underlined the price of the available water in the area has doubled, a drum of water [how many liters?] reaching 350 000 Somali shillings (USD 18) [sic: but USD18 = 13 000 Somali shillings. - JW], unaffordable to most of the people as water tankers fetch water from far areas. He called the federal government, interim Juba administration and humanitarian aid agencies to deliver emergency support to the residents.
[Byline: Ta Judin]
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail
<promed@promedmail.org>
[Cholera has been reported in Somalia but it is unclear if these cases represent _Vibrio cholerae_ infection. In these cases, a drought has caused the population to seek water in unsafe places. Many outbreaks of the enteric infection are associated with the other end of water availability, overt flooding.
A HealthMap/ProMED-mail map of Somalia can be seen at http://healthmap.org/promed/p/32973.
A map of Somalia showing the 18 regions of the country can be found at
https://somalianews.files.wordpress.com ... omalia.gif.
Lower Juba is referred on the map with its Somali name, Jubbada Hoose. - Mod.LL]
***************************************************
A ProMED-mail post
http://www.promedmail.org
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
http://www.isid.org
In this update:
Africa
[1] Cholera - Ghana (national)
[2] Cholera - Ghana (Volta & Greater Accra Regions)
[3] Cholera - Ghana (Brong Ahafo Region)
[4] Cholera - Ghana (Eastern & Volta Regions)
[5] Diarrhea, fatal - Somalia (Lower Juba Region)
******
[1] Cholera - Ghana (national)
Date: Wed 1 Oct 2014
Source: GhanaWeb, MyJoyOnline report [edited]
http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/h ... ?ID=328382
Cholera outbreak in Ghana has hit a record 17 000 cases with 150 deaths [case fatality rate = 0.8 percent - Mod.LL]. The last time Ghana suffered such a staggering number of cholera cases was in 1982.
Signs of the cholera outbreak were on the wall after heavy rains consistently exposed most markets in Accra as filthy. Foul smell of rubbish assailed the air as it sat by road sides and remained uncollected for days. Health officials warned that the disease caused by poor sanitary conditions and lack of good hygienic practices could break out.
In July 2014, the prediction became real with cases first reported in Accra. Most of the cases are from La Community, some from Osu, Teshie. Since then, the rise has been unrelenting with health facilities overburdened.
The Greater Accra Regional Directorate of the Ghana Health Service in August 2014 officially declared the outbreak ravaging parts as an epidemic. All regions in Ghana except the Northern Region have recorded cases.
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail
<promed@promedmail.org>
[A HealthMap/ProMED-mail map of Ghana can be seen at http://healthmap.org/promed/p/53. A map of the regions of Ghana can be seen at http://www.ezilon.com/maps/images/afric ... -Ghana.gif showing the location of the so far spared Northern Region. Previously, the 2 smaller regions north of the Northern Region had also been cholera-free and this moderator has not seen reports of the infection in the Upper East and Upper West Regions. - Mod.LL]
******
[2] Cholera - Ghana (Volta & Greater Accra Regions)
Date: Tue 30 Sep 2014
Source: Ghana Web, CitiFM Online report [summ., edited]
http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/h ... ?ID=328154
The number of cholera cases in the Volta Region has seen a significant rise with over 400 cases, killing 6 people. The number has risen from an initial figure of 201 on 28 Sep 2014.
Dr Joseph Teye-Nuetey, the Volta Regional Health Director disclosed to citifmonline.com said the Ketu-South district recorded the highest number of cases, with 175 cases and 2 deaths. This is a sharp increase compared to the 65 cases recorded on 22 Sep 2014. Also, the Nkwanta South recorded 111 cases with 4 deaths, Ho-West, 12 cases, Ketu-North 47 cases, and the Ho Municipality recorded 4 cases.
Cholera cases in some of the worst affected areas in Accra have begun seeing some level of decline. In the La Dadekotopon area, the infection rate has declined by about 50 percent in the last 30 days. In the Accra Metropolitan Assembly the number of reported cases has decline by about 20 percent.
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail from HealthMap Alerts
<promed@promedmail.org>
******
[3] Cholera - Ghana (Brong Ahafo Region)
Date: Tue 30 Sep 2014
Source: Spy Ghana, CitiFM Online report [summ., edited]
http://www.spyghana.com/five-people-die ... ong-ahafo/
Dr Kofi Issah, Brong Ahafo Regional Deputy Director of Public Health has announced that 93 suspected cases of cholera have so far been recorded in the Region. Some cholera patients receiving treatment on benches He said they were recorded in 11 out of the 27 Municipal and Districts health centres, out of which 35 cases were confirmed and 5 people have died.
Speaking to newsmen in Sunyani, Dr Issah said the 1st case was recorded on 1 Aug 2014, and was imported from Accra. He said Atebubu-Amantin District recorded the highest cases of 44 out of which 4 people have died. Dr Issah said the district recorded outbreaks in 2011 and 2012 in a particular community because of their source of drinking water. The assembly therefore is making efforts to solve the problem by treating their source of drinking water, examining food vendors and organizing clean up exercises.
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail
<promed@promedmail.org>
******
[4] Cholera - Ghana (Eastern & Volta Regions)
Date: Tue 30 Sep 2014
Source: Ghana Broadcasting Corporation (GBC) [summ., edited]
http://m.gbcghana.com/1.1856171
The Volta Regional Director for health, Dr Nuertey said the Volta Region has seen a reduction in cholera cases contrary to reports that the incidence of the disease has doubled.
Meanwhile, reports reaching Radio Ghana reveal that 4 deaths from cholera cases have been recorded in the Eastern Region as the number of affected persons keeps increasing daily. The deaths occurred at Birim Central Municipality Nsawam Adoagyiri and Atiwa Districts. This was disclosed by the Acting Disease Control Officer at the Regional Health Directorate, Angela Quaye, in an interview with a Radio Ghana in Koforidua.
She said the Eastern Region has recorded 1200 cholera cases in 15 districts and a municipality, with West Akim leading with 341; Nsawam-Adoagyiri Municipality comes next with 309 cases followed by New Juaben Municipality with 161 cases. Mrs Quaye said all the necessary steps to help prevent the outbreak have been put in place, but human attitude continues to be a major hindrance with filth engulfing the society.
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail
<promed@promedmail.org>
[There seems to be a discrepancy regarding cases in the Volta Region in 2 of these postings, one stated that the number of cases is decreasing and the other stating that it is increasing. Both statements are attributed to the same person. - Mod.LL]
******
[5] Diarrhea, fatal - Somalia (Lower Juba Region)
Date: Tue 30 Sep 2014
Source: Diplomat News [edited]
http://diplomat.so/2014/09/29/acute-dia ... n-somalia/
At least 3 children died in Fafahdun locality in Lower Juba region after a diarrhea outbreak. The administrator of Fafahdun locality Adan Shuqul Nunow confirmed to Local Radio In Mogadishu that the death of the children is due to contracting waterborne diseases after drinking contaminated water, such as acute [watery] diarrhea [a euphemism for cholera - Mod.LL]
He stated that there are more people who were hospitalized after contracting the waterborne disease in the area, adding that their number increases day after day. Mr Shuquul said acute water shortage in the region, particularly Fafahdun locality, has encouraged many families to move to other areas in search of clean water and forced the remaining people to take dirty water, hence the spread of waterborne diseases.
The administrator underlined the price of the available water in the area has doubled, a drum of water [how many liters?] reaching 350 000 Somali shillings (USD 18) [sic: but USD18 = 13 000 Somali shillings. - JW], unaffordable to most of the people as water tankers fetch water from far areas. He called the federal government, interim Juba administration and humanitarian aid agencies to deliver emergency support to the residents.
[Byline: Ta Judin]
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail
<promed@promedmail.org>
[Cholera has been reported in Somalia but it is unclear if these cases represent _Vibrio cholerae_ infection. In these cases, a drought has caused the population to seek water in unsafe places. Many outbreaks of the enteric infection are associated with the other end of water availability, overt flooding.
A HealthMap/ProMED-mail map of Somalia can be seen at http://healthmap.org/promed/p/32973.
A map of Somalia showing the 18 regions of the country can be found at
https://somalianews.files.wordpress.com ... omalia.gif.
Lower Juba is referred on the map with its Somali name, Jubbada Hoose. - Mod.LL]
-
Birgitt
- Moderator
- Beiträge: 35244
- Registriert: Di 2. Aug 2005, 22:52
- Wohnort: NRW / Südl. Rheinland
- Kontaktdaten:
Cholera in Benin, Kamerun, Nigeria, Ghana und DR Kongo
CHOLERA, DIARRHEA AND DYSENTERY UPDATE (71): AFRICA
***************************************************
A ProMED-mail post
http://www.promedmail.org
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
http://www.isid.org
In this update:
Africa
[1] Cholera - Benin (Alibori Department)
[2] Cholera - Cameroon (Far North Region), Nigerian refugees
[3] Cholera - Nigeria (Taraba State), IDPs
[4] Cholera - Ghana (Upper East, Upper West Regions)
[5] Cholera - Congo DR (South Kivu Province)
******
[1] Cholera - Benin (Alibori Department)
Date: Wed 1 Oct 2014
Source: China Radio International, Xinhua News Agency [in French, machine transl., edited]
http://french.cri.cn/621/2014/10/01/562s403869.htm
5 people died of an epidemic of cholera among 57 cases registered in the past few days in Banikoara, a city located about 500 km [about 310 miles] north of Cotonou, it was learned Tuesday, 30 Sep 2014, from an official source. According to this source, close to the Beninese ministry of health, the local authorities in the city of Banikoara and health departments of the Borgou and Alibori, have taken steps to contain the epidemic.
"The local authorities and health personnel of the city of Banikoara have mobilized for swift action, particularly by the installation of a base camp at the hospital in area of the locality, the treatment of large-diameter wells, in order to contain the epidemic," a responsible of the Beninese ministry of health told Xinhua. In addition to these measures, he said, the populations are being urged to adopt measures of personal and food hygiene including eating well cooked food, [drinking clean water], and washing hands with soap and water. Similarly, the populations are also urged to visit the hospital immediately at the onset of the 1st symptoms in order to receive the proper support and effective care.
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail from HealthMap Alerts
<promed@promedmail.org>
[A HealthMap/ProMED-mail map is available at http://healthmap.org/promed/p/41803.]
******
[2] Cholera - Cameroon (Far North Region), Nigerian refugees
Date: Thu 2 Oct 2014
Source: Daily Post [edited]
http://dailypost.ng/2014/10/02/cholera- ... -cameroon/
About 80 Nigerian refugees, who fled the Boko Haram dominated area in Borno, have died from cholera in refugee camps in Cameroon.
Although 20 of them have been hospitalized at the camps, reports say, the refugees, who are scattered in Maroua camps in Cameroon, have been sent back to Nigeria following the disease.
40 of the dead were from Pulka, 30 from Ngoshe, Attagara, Agapaluwa and 10 were early migrants from the hills of Gwoza.
[Byline: Omotola Filani]
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail
<promed@promedmail.org>
[A HealthMap/ProMED-mail map is available at http://healthmap.org/promed/p/36202.]
******
[3] Cholera - Nigeria (Taraba State), IDPs
Date: Thu 2 Oct 2014
Source: Premium Times [edited]
https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/168 ... -camp.html
Controversy is brewing in Taraba State, North-Central Nigeria, following reported outbreak of measles and cholera believed to have killed 50 children in a refugee camp. The camp, situated in an abandoned uncompleted healthcare centre in Bali Local Government headquarters, hosts thousands of Tiv people displaced by internecine warfare between the Tiv and Fulani herdsmen.
The camp's spokesperson, Emmanuel Kegh, said apart from the 50 children already affected by the outbreak, over 300 hundred [sic] others were at severe risk of infection. He therefore called on the government and relevant agencies and organisations to step up response mechanism to contend the epidemics. Mr. Kegh said before the outbreak of cholera and measles, over 20 inmates, mostly children and pregnant women, had died due to hunger, malnutrition and the dehumanizing conditions in the camp. He said, "The situation here is dire. We have lost 50 children already and more may still die unless something is done urgently."
Continuing, he said, "Life here in the camp can simply be described as hell on earth. We are not used living on peoples' goodwill. We are farmers and we are used to feeding very well. It is not a funny experience seeing your children dying of hunger. When we 1st came in here around March, SEMA came and gave us relief materials and later NEMA and people from the Defence headquarters."
[Byline: Ibanga Isine]
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail from HealthMap Alerts
<promed@promedmail.org>
[It is not clear how many of the children died from cholera, measles or overt malnutrition. - Mod.LL
A HealthMap/ProMED-mail map is available at http://healthmap.org/promed/p/620.]
******
[4] Cholera - Ghana (Upper East, Upper West Regions)
Date: Fri 3 Oct 2014
Source: Citi FM Online [edited]
http://www.citifmonline.com/2014/10/03/ ... -eastwest/
2 out of the 3 regions that were not affected by the cholera outbreak, Upper East and West Region, have also recorded some cases. The only region so far without any recorded case is the Northern Region. This was revealed by the Deputy Minister of Health Dr. Victor Bampoe in an interview on the Citi Breakfast Show on Friday, 3 Oct 2014. The Minister also revealed that the number of recorded cases across the country has jumped from 10 000 to over 18 000, recorded in 96 districts.
The cholera outbreak began in July 2014 and it has so far claimed about 150 lives. The situation overburdened health facilities, especially in the Greater Accra Region where the outbreak began. The Greater Accra Regional Health Directorate has, however, announced a significant decrease in reported cholera cases.
[Byline: Efua Idan Osam]
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail
<promed@promedmail.org>
[This is the 1st direct report of cholera in these regions. - Mod.LL
A HealthMap/ProMED-mail map is available at http://healthmap.org/promed/p/53.]
******
[5] Cholera - Congo DR (South Kivu Province)
Date: Fri 3 Oct 2014
Source: Radio Okapi [in French, machine transl., edited]
http://radiookapi.net/actualite/2014/10 ... re-ruzizi/
Approximately 111 cases of cholera have been treated between August and September 2014 in the Ruzizi health area. The physician-director of the general hospital of Ruzizi, Dr. Eric Muhubiri Namihaba, has delivered these statistics, Friday, 3 Oct 2014, in an interview with the local press.
In 2 months, the cholera epidemic has recorded a single case of death in this part of South Kivu. Dr. Eric Muhubiri Namihaba spoke of strategies put in place to treat the cholera in the Ruzizi health area: "This is the result of the 3 strategies that we have taken: the early care of cases to avoid spread, awareness at the level of the community by prohibiting the consumption of unsafe water and the the support of partners."
The Ruzizi River health area had experienced an epidemic of cholera with 107 cases in August 2014 with an average of 13 cases per week.
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail
<promed@promedmail.org>
[A HealthMap/ProMED-mail map is available at http://healthmap.org/promed/p/34963.]
***************************************************
A ProMED-mail post
http://www.promedmail.org
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
http://www.isid.org
In this update:
Africa
[1] Cholera - Benin (Alibori Department)
[2] Cholera - Cameroon (Far North Region), Nigerian refugees
[3] Cholera - Nigeria (Taraba State), IDPs
[4] Cholera - Ghana (Upper East, Upper West Regions)
[5] Cholera - Congo DR (South Kivu Province)
******
[1] Cholera - Benin (Alibori Department)
Date: Wed 1 Oct 2014
Source: China Radio International, Xinhua News Agency [in French, machine transl., edited]
http://french.cri.cn/621/2014/10/01/562s403869.htm
5 people died of an epidemic of cholera among 57 cases registered in the past few days in Banikoara, a city located about 500 km [about 310 miles] north of Cotonou, it was learned Tuesday, 30 Sep 2014, from an official source. According to this source, close to the Beninese ministry of health, the local authorities in the city of Banikoara and health departments of the Borgou and Alibori, have taken steps to contain the epidemic.
"The local authorities and health personnel of the city of Banikoara have mobilized for swift action, particularly by the installation of a base camp at the hospital in area of the locality, the treatment of large-diameter wells, in order to contain the epidemic," a responsible of the Beninese ministry of health told Xinhua. In addition to these measures, he said, the populations are being urged to adopt measures of personal and food hygiene including eating well cooked food, [drinking clean water], and washing hands with soap and water. Similarly, the populations are also urged to visit the hospital immediately at the onset of the 1st symptoms in order to receive the proper support and effective care.
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail from HealthMap Alerts
<promed@promedmail.org>
[A HealthMap/ProMED-mail map is available at http://healthmap.org/promed/p/41803.]
******
[2] Cholera - Cameroon (Far North Region), Nigerian refugees
Date: Thu 2 Oct 2014
Source: Daily Post [edited]
http://dailypost.ng/2014/10/02/cholera- ... -cameroon/
About 80 Nigerian refugees, who fled the Boko Haram dominated area in Borno, have died from cholera in refugee camps in Cameroon.
Although 20 of them have been hospitalized at the camps, reports say, the refugees, who are scattered in Maroua camps in Cameroon, have been sent back to Nigeria following the disease.
40 of the dead were from Pulka, 30 from Ngoshe, Attagara, Agapaluwa and 10 were early migrants from the hills of Gwoza.
[Byline: Omotola Filani]
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail
<promed@promedmail.org>
[A HealthMap/ProMED-mail map is available at http://healthmap.org/promed/p/36202.]
******
[3] Cholera - Nigeria (Taraba State), IDPs
Date: Thu 2 Oct 2014
Source: Premium Times [edited]
https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/168 ... -camp.html
Controversy is brewing in Taraba State, North-Central Nigeria, following reported outbreak of measles and cholera believed to have killed 50 children in a refugee camp. The camp, situated in an abandoned uncompleted healthcare centre in Bali Local Government headquarters, hosts thousands of Tiv people displaced by internecine warfare between the Tiv and Fulani herdsmen.
The camp's spokesperson, Emmanuel Kegh, said apart from the 50 children already affected by the outbreak, over 300 hundred [sic] others were at severe risk of infection. He therefore called on the government and relevant agencies and organisations to step up response mechanism to contend the epidemics. Mr. Kegh said before the outbreak of cholera and measles, over 20 inmates, mostly children and pregnant women, had died due to hunger, malnutrition and the dehumanizing conditions in the camp. He said, "The situation here is dire. We have lost 50 children already and more may still die unless something is done urgently."
Continuing, he said, "Life here in the camp can simply be described as hell on earth. We are not used living on peoples' goodwill. We are farmers and we are used to feeding very well. It is not a funny experience seeing your children dying of hunger. When we 1st came in here around March, SEMA came and gave us relief materials and later NEMA and people from the Defence headquarters."
[Byline: Ibanga Isine]
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail from HealthMap Alerts
<promed@promedmail.org>
[It is not clear how many of the children died from cholera, measles or overt malnutrition. - Mod.LL
A HealthMap/ProMED-mail map is available at http://healthmap.org/promed/p/620.]
******
[4] Cholera - Ghana (Upper East, Upper West Regions)
Date: Fri 3 Oct 2014
Source: Citi FM Online [edited]
http://www.citifmonline.com/2014/10/03/ ... -eastwest/
2 out of the 3 regions that were not affected by the cholera outbreak, Upper East and West Region, have also recorded some cases. The only region so far without any recorded case is the Northern Region. This was revealed by the Deputy Minister of Health Dr. Victor Bampoe in an interview on the Citi Breakfast Show on Friday, 3 Oct 2014. The Minister also revealed that the number of recorded cases across the country has jumped from 10 000 to over 18 000, recorded in 96 districts.
The cholera outbreak began in July 2014 and it has so far claimed about 150 lives. The situation overburdened health facilities, especially in the Greater Accra Region where the outbreak began. The Greater Accra Regional Health Directorate has, however, announced a significant decrease in reported cholera cases.
[Byline: Efua Idan Osam]
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail
<promed@promedmail.org>
[This is the 1st direct report of cholera in these regions. - Mod.LL
A HealthMap/ProMED-mail map is available at http://healthmap.org/promed/p/53.]
******
[5] Cholera - Congo DR (South Kivu Province)
Date: Fri 3 Oct 2014
Source: Radio Okapi [in French, machine transl., edited]
http://radiookapi.net/actualite/2014/10 ... re-ruzizi/
Approximately 111 cases of cholera have been treated between August and September 2014 in the Ruzizi health area. The physician-director of the general hospital of Ruzizi, Dr. Eric Muhubiri Namihaba, has delivered these statistics, Friday, 3 Oct 2014, in an interview with the local press.
In 2 months, the cholera epidemic has recorded a single case of death in this part of South Kivu. Dr. Eric Muhubiri Namihaba spoke of strategies put in place to treat the cholera in the Ruzizi health area: "This is the result of the 3 strategies that we have taken: the early care of cases to avoid spread, awareness at the level of the community by prohibiting the consumption of unsafe water and the the support of partners."
The Ruzizi River health area had experienced an epidemic of cholera with 107 cases in August 2014 with an average of 13 cases per week.
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail
<promed@promedmail.org>
[A HealthMap/ProMED-mail map is available at http://healthmap.org/promed/p/34963.]
-
Birgitt
- Moderator
- Beiträge: 35244
- Registriert: Di 2. Aug 2005, 22:52
- Wohnort: NRW / Südl. Rheinland
- Kontaktdaten:
Kala-Azar in Südsudan
LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL - SOUTH SUDAN (02)
******************************************
A ProMED-mail post
http://www.promedmail.org
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
http://www.isid.org
[1]
Date: Mon 6 Oct 2014
Source: Star Africa [edited]
http://en.starafrica.com/news/cases-of- ... an-un.html citing http://www.unocha.org/south-sudan/
The United Nations has revealed that the number of Kala-azar disease [leishmaniasis] cases in South Sudan has risen to 4624 after 9 months of war in the newborn country.
The United Nations Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) [http://www.unocha.org/south-sudan/] said in the weekly situation update that 260 new cases have been recorded since September 2014, bringing the 2014 total to 4624; up from 1614 cumulative cases up to the same week in 2013. OCHA said most of the cases were in Chuil, Lankien, and Malakal districts.
"A full response to Kala-azar requires additional health and nutrition partners to support treatment facilities," the OCHA report said. "In addition, more health partners need training on diagnosis and case management."
Kala-azar is transmitted by the bite of the sand fly and can be fatal within weeks if not treated.
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail from HealthMap Alerts
<promed@promedmail.org>
******
[2]
Date: Thu 2 Oct 2014
Source: Relief Web [edited]
http://reliefweb.int/report/south-sudan ... tober-2014
The kala-azar outbreak continued with 4624 cases reported compared to 1614 cumulative cases in the same week in 2013.
WASH scale-up in Bentiu increased water supply to 12.2 litres per person per day, and sanitation improved to one latrine for every 71 people. Work continued in order to reach emergency standards.
Nutrition indicators were dire, with 33 of the 37 counties in critical and very critical nutrition phases located in Northern Bahr el Ghazal, Jonglei, Unity, Upper Nile, and Warrap States.
USD 1.1 billion have so far been contributed to the South Sudan Crisis Response Plan to support humanitarian action.
Intermittent hostilities continued in Doleib Hill and Canal/Khorfulus areas of Jonglei State. Flight safety assurances to Canal, Kaldak, and Khorflus could not be guaranteed due to heavy presence of armed elements. However, the humanitarian operation site (Kamel) in Pigi County was unaffected by the hostilities. Elsewhere in Jonglei, analysis on returns to Bor town showed that a "general return movement" was not yet taking place but rather that the situation remained fluid, with people moving in and out of the town.
In Upper Nile State, partners planned a mission to Renk to assess the needs of people displaced by the recent fighting in the area. Renk remained calm, with reports of about 5000 displaced people returning to the town from the south.
In Lakes State, growing insecurity, combined with poor road conditions, limited humanitarian activities outside Rumbek town, and it was difficult to ascertain the situation outside the urban area. Cattle raids and revenge attacks continued during the week, some of them reportedly fatal.
In Unity State, UN police were investigating the killing of 2 people inside the PoC site at Bentiu. The security situation otherwise remained calm, but unpredictable.
There were reports of shooting in Yei, Central Equatoria, reportedly by armed elements upset over non-payment of salaries. Further details were unknown, and the situation was reportedly calm thereafter.
Health partners reported malaria on the rise, particularly in Awerial, Lakes State and in UN House PoC in Juba. There were also 16 measles cases reported during the week: 5 in Awerial and 11 in Lankien, Jonglei.
Kala-azar, an endemic disease in South Sudan, continued to spread, with 4624 cases reported compared to 1614 cumulative cases in the same week last year [2013]. Overall, malaria, acute watery diarrhea, and acute respiratory infection remained the main causes of illness among displaced people tracked. Partners stressed that a full response to Kala-azar requires additional health and nutrition partners to support treatment facilities. In addition, more health partners need training on diagnosis and case management.
Food security monitors noted that heavy rainfall continued across the country in September 2014, increasing flooding and compromising crop performance in some areas.
For more information, see: UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs http://www.unocha.org/south-sudan/.
--
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[South Sudan (as the rest of Sudan) is highly endemic for visceral leishmaniasis, VL (Kala-Azar), and is probably the most endemic country in the world.
For a review of the data on leishmaniasis in Sudan and South Sudan, see the comments to the ProMED-mail posting from 16 Sep 2012 (Leishmaniasis, visceral - South Sudan (02): (UY) 20120916.1295988).
Leishmaniasis is highly endemic in Sudan and South Sudan, and outbreaks occur regularly and unexpectedly in areas that were previously unaffected. A recent outbreak started at the end of 2009 with thousands of cases, possibly caused by massive population movements and growing food insecurity. This outbreak continued to cause extremely high case numbers in both 2010 and 2011 (Alvar J, Velez ID, Bern C, et al: Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence. PLoS ONE 2012; 7(5): e35671. (Supplement 81); http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Ad ... ne.0035671.
Malnutrition in the population probably contributes to the number of clinical cases of visceral leishmaniasis. An estimated 10 percent of VL cases in Southern Sudan are co-infected with HIV. - Mod.EP
A HealthMap/ProMED-mail map can be accessed at: http://healthmap.org/promed/p/8402.]
******************************************
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International Society for Infectious Diseases
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[1]
Date: Mon 6 Oct 2014
Source: Star Africa [edited]
http://en.starafrica.com/news/cases-of- ... an-un.html citing http://www.unocha.org/south-sudan/
The United Nations has revealed that the number of Kala-azar disease [leishmaniasis] cases in South Sudan has risen to 4624 after 9 months of war in the newborn country.
The United Nations Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) [http://www.unocha.org/south-sudan/] said in the weekly situation update that 260 new cases have been recorded since September 2014, bringing the 2014 total to 4624; up from 1614 cumulative cases up to the same week in 2013. OCHA said most of the cases were in Chuil, Lankien, and Malakal districts.
"A full response to Kala-azar requires additional health and nutrition partners to support treatment facilities," the OCHA report said. "In addition, more health partners need training on diagnosis and case management."
Kala-azar is transmitted by the bite of the sand fly and can be fatal within weeks if not treated.
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[2]
Date: Thu 2 Oct 2014
Source: Relief Web [edited]
http://reliefweb.int/report/south-sudan ... tober-2014
The kala-azar outbreak continued with 4624 cases reported compared to 1614 cumulative cases in the same week in 2013.
WASH scale-up in Bentiu increased water supply to 12.2 litres per person per day, and sanitation improved to one latrine for every 71 people. Work continued in order to reach emergency standards.
Nutrition indicators were dire, with 33 of the 37 counties in critical and very critical nutrition phases located in Northern Bahr el Ghazal, Jonglei, Unity, Upper Nile, and Warrap States.
USD 1.1 billion have so far been contributed to the South Sudan Crisis Response Plan to support humanitarian action.
Intermittent hostilities continued in Doleib Hill and Canal/Khorfulus areas of Jonglei State. Flight safety assurances to Canal, Kaldak, and Khorflus could not be guaranteed due to heavy presence of armed elements. However, the humanitarian operation site (Kamel) in Pigi County was unaffected by the hostilities. Elsewhere in Jonglei, analysis on returns to Bor town showed that a "general return movement" was not yet taking place but rather that the situation remained fluid, with people moving in and out of the town.
In Upper Nile State, partners planned a mission to Renk to assess the needs of people displaced by the recent fighting in the area. Renk remained calm, with reports of about 5000 displaced people returning to the town from the south.
In Lakes State, growing insecurity, combined with poor road conditions, limited humanitarian activities outside Rumbek town, and it was difficult to ascertain the situation outside the urban area. Cattle raids and revenge attacks continued during the week, some of them reportedly fatal.
In Unity State, UN police were investigating the killing of 2 people inside the PoC site at Bentiu. The security situation otherwise remained calm, but unpredictable.
There were reports of shooting in Yei, Central Equatoria, reportedly by armed elements upset over non-payment of salaries. Further details were unknown, and the situation was reportedly calm thereafter.
Health partners reported malaria on the rise, particularly in Awerial, Lakes State and in UN House PoC in Juba. There were also 16 measles cases reported during the week: 5 in Awerial and 11 in Lankien, Jonglei.
Kala-azar, an endemic disease in South Sudan, continued to spread, with 4624 cases reported compared to 1614 cumulative cases in the same week last year [2013]. Overall, malaria, acute watery diarrhea, and acute respiratory infection remained the main causes of illness among displaced people tracked. Partners stressed that a full response to Kala-azar requires additional health and nutrition partners to support treatment facilities. In addition, more health partners need training on diagnosis and case management.
Food security monitors noted that heavy rainfall continued across the country in September 2014, increasing flooding and compromising crop performance in some areas.
For more information, see: UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs http://www.unocha.org/south-sudan/.
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail
<promed@promedmail.org>
[South Sudan (as the rest of Sudan) is highly endemic for visceral leishmaniasis, VL (Kala-Azar), and is probably the most endemic country in the world.
For a review of the data on leishmaniasis in Sudan and South Sudan, see the comments to the ProMED-mail posting from 16 Sep 2012 (Leishmaniasis, visceral - South Sudan (02): (UY) 20120916.1295988).
Leishmaniasis is highly endemic in Sudan and South Sudan, and outbreaks occur regularly and unexpectedly in areas that were previously unaffected. A recent outbreak started at the end of 2009 with thousands of cases, possibly caused by massive population movements and growing food insecurity. This outbreak continued to cause extremely high case numbers in both 2010 and 2011 (Alvar J, Velez ID, Bern C, et al: Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence. PLoS ONE 2012; 7(5): e35671. (Supplement 81); http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Ad ... ne.0035671.
Malnutrition in the population probably contributes to the number of clinical cases of visceral leishmaniasis. An estimated 10 percent of VL cases in Southern Sudan are co-infected with HIV. - Mod.EP
A HealthMap/ProMED-mail map can be accessed at: http://healthmap.org/promed/p/8402.]
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Denguefieber in Kenia
DENGUE/DHF UPDATE (56): AFRICA
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Kenya
6 Oct 2014
The Government has confirmed that dengue [virus] and chikungunya [virus] are infecting a significant number of children at the Coast and in western Kenya.
http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/health/a ... -re-emerge
[No case numbers are given.
Maps of Kenya can be accessed at http://geology.com/world/kenya-map.gif and http://healthmap.org/promed/p/174. - Mod.TY]
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Kenya
6 Oct 2014
The Government has confirmed that dengue [virus] and chikungunya [virus] are infecting a significant number of children at the Coast and in western Kenya.
http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/health/a ... -re-emerge
[No case numbers are given.
Maps of Kenya can be accessed at http://geology.com/world/kenya-map.gif and http://healthmap.org/promed/p/174. - Mod.TY]
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Cholera in Ghana
CHOLERA, DIARRHEA AND DYSENTERY UPDATE (72): GHANA
**************************************************
A ProMED-mail post
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ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
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In this update:
Africa
[1] Cholera - Ghana (Upper East Region)
[2] Cholera - Ghana (Central Region)
[3] Cholera - Ghana (Western Region)
*****
[1] Cholera - Ghana (Upper East Region)
Date: Thu 9 Oct 2014
Source: SpyGhana, Ghana News Agency (GNA) report [edited]
http://www.spyghana.com/bolgatanga-regi ... era-cases/
The Bolgatanga [Upper East Region of north Ghana] Regional Hospital has recorded 35 cholera cases in less than 2 weeks. No deaths have been recorded so far, even though some of the patients went through critical stages of the disease. All the patients were brought into the regional hospital, which serves as a referral centre from health facilities in the Kassena-Nankana Municipal and Kassena-Nankana West District.
Dr Kojo Opare Larbi, Deputy Upper East Regional Director in charge of Public Health made this known in an interview with Ghana News Agency in Bolgatanga. He said open defecation, which is common in the region could be the cause of the epidemic.
Dr Larbi said the infection could also be transmitted through contaminated foods. He advised the public to drink clean water, avoid eating cold foods and wash their hands thoroughly before eating, and after visiting the toilet. He advocated the construction of public toilet facilities to discourage open defecation.
Dr Larbi said the Regional Health Directorate is collaborating with Regional Environmental Health Department to begin a chlorination exercise in the affected communities to clean drinking water sources, which are mostly wells.
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[2] Cholera - Ghana (Central Region)
Date: Fri 10 Oct 2014
Source: SpyGhana, Ghana News Agency (GNA) report [edited]
http://www.spyghana.com/central-region- ... era-cases/
Cholera cases in the Central Region have increased to 2098, Dr Kwaku Anin KariKari, the Central Regional Deputy Director of the Ghana Health Service, in charge of Public Health has said. As of 26 Sep 2014, a total of 36 people had died with Cape Coast, the regional capital leading with 13 deaths out of 922 cases.
Presenting the current situation on cholera in the region at the 6th Regional Civil Society Organisation Health Forum in Cape Coast on [Thu 9 Oct 2014], he said Ajumako Enyan Essiam was least affected with 12 cases and no deaths.
Agona West has recorded 468 cases with 9 deaths, Awutu Senya East had 364 cases with 4 deaths, Effutu, 73 cases with 1 death, Abura-Asebu-Kwamankese 57 cases with 2 deaths, Mfantseman 48 cases but no death and Komenda-Edina-Eguafo-Abrem had 47 cases with 3 deaths, Awutu Senya West, 36 cases and 1 death, Upper Denkyira East 33 cases without deaths, Twifo Hemang Lower Denkyira 31 cases 1 death, Agona East 18 cases with 1 death, Gomoa West 16 cases with 1 death, Gomoa East 13 cases with 1 death, and Asikuma-Odoben-Brakwa 11 cases but no deaths.
Dr Karikari said as at [28 Sep 2014], a total of 18 445 cases including 150 deaths, representing a case fatality rate of 0.8 percent had been reported from 9 out of 10 regions.
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******
[3] Cholera - Ghana (Western Region)
Date: Tue 7 Oct 2014
Source: Ghana Web [edited]
http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/h ... ?ID=329214
The Prestea-Huni-Valley District of the Western Region has recorded 13 reported cholera cases since August 2014. Out of that number, 7 cases have been confirmed and 1 death recorded.
Robert Nterful, the District Disease Control Officer who disclosed this, stated that the 1st of the cases was recorded at Huni-Valley. He indicated that infected person hailed from Kutukrom in the Nzema East Municipality but was diagnosed of the disease when he visited the hospital in Prestea. "The rest were recorded in Bogoso and other communities in the district."
He indicated that the district used to refer suspected cholera cases to the Public Health Reference Laboratory at the Effia-Nkwanta Regional Hospital in Sekondi. "But now, the laboratory at the Tarkwa Government Hospital has been equipped to conduct diagnosis on suspected cholera cases," he said.
--
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<promed@promedmail.org>
[The mortality from cholera is related to non-replacement of fluids and electrolytes from the diarrheal illness. .
As cited in Lutwick LI, Preis J: Cholera. In: Tropical Pediatrics. Roach RR, Greydanus DE, Patel DR, Homnick DN, Merrick J (eds), 2014, Nova Science Publishers, 2015 (in press), oral rehydration therapy can be life-saving in outbreaks of cholera and other forms of diarrhea:
As reviewed by Richard Guerrant and colleagues (1), it was in 1831 that cholera treatment could be accomplished by intravenous replacement and, although this therapy could produce dramatic improvements, not until 1960 was it first recognized that there was no true destruction of the intestinal mucosa and gastrointestinal rehydration therapy could be effective and the therapy could dramatically reduce the intravenous needs for rehydration. Indeed that this rehydration could be just as effective given orally than through an orogastric tube (for example, references 2 and 3) made it possible for oral rehydration therapy (ORT) to be used in rural remote areas and truly impact on the morbidity and mortality of cholera. Indeed, Guerrant (1) highlights the use of oral glucose-salt packets in war-torn Bangladeshi refugees, which reduced the mortality rate from 30 percent to 3.6 percent (4) and quotes sources referring to ORT as "potentially the most important medical advance" of the 20th century. A variety of formulations of ORT exist, generally glucose or rice powder based, which contain a variety of micronutrients, especially zinc (5).
The assessment of the degree of volume loss in those with diarrhea to approximate volume and fluid losses can be found in reference 6 below. Those with severe hypovolemia should be initially rehydrated intravenously with a fluid bolus of normal saline or Ringer's lactate solution of 20-30 ml/kg followed by 100 ml/kg in the 1st 4 hours and 100 ml/kg over the next 18 hours with regular reassessment. Those with lesser degrees of hypovolemia can be rehydrated orally with a glucose or rice-derived formula with up to 4 liters in the 1st 4 hours, and those with no hypovolemia can be given ORT after each liquid stool with frequent reevaluation.
References
----------
1. Guerrant RL, Carneiro-Filho BA, Dillingham RA: Cholera, diarrhea, and oral rehydration therapy: triumph and indictment. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37: 398-405; available at http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/37/3/398.long.
2. Gregorio GV, Gonzales MLM, Dans LF, Martinez EG: Polymer-based oral rehydration solution for treating acute watery diarrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009; (2): CD006519. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006519.pub2; abstract available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19370638.
3. Gore SM, Fontaine O, Pierce NF: Impact of rice based oral rehydration solution on stool output and duration of diarrhoea: meta-analysis of 13 clinical trials. BMJ 1992; 304(6822): 287-91; available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1881081/.
4. Mahalanabis D, Choudhuri AB, Bagchi NG, et al: Oral fluid therapy of cholera among Bangladesh refugees. Johns Hopkins Med 1973; 132(4): 197-205; available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article ... 421245.pdf.
5. Atia AN, Buchman AL: Oral rehydration solutions in non-cholera diarrhea: a review. Am J Gastroenterol 2009; 104(10): 2596-604; abstract available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19550407.
6. WHO: The treatment of diarrhoea, a manual for physicians and other senior health workers. 4th ed. 2005; available at http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2 ... 593180.pdf.
An illustration (supplied by Mod.JW) of how to make a "home brew" oral rehydration solution can be found at http://rehydrate.org/images/diy3.gif.
A HealthMap/ProMED-mail map of Ghana can be seen at http://healthmap.org/promed/p/53. The regions of Ghana can be seen on a map at http://www.ezilon.com/maps/images/afric ... -Ghana.gif. - Mod.LL]
**************************************************
A ProMED-mail post
http://www.promedmail.org
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
http://www.isid.org
In this update:
Africa
[1] Cholera - Ghana (Upper East Region)
[2] Cholera - Ghana (Central Region)
[3] Cholera - Ghana (Western Region)
*****
[1] Cholera - Ghana (Upper East Region)
Date: Thu 9 Oct 2014
Source: SpyGhana, Ghana News Agency (GNA) report [edited]
http://www.spyghana.com/bolgatanga-regi ... era-cases/
The Bolgatanga [Upper East Region of north Ghana] Regional Hospital has recorded 35 cholera cases in less than 2 weeks. No deaths have been recorded so far, even though some of the patients went through critical stages of the disease. All the patients were brought into the regional hospital, which serves as a referral centre from health facilities in the Kassena-Nankana Municipal and Kassena-Nankana West District.
Dr Kojo Opare Larbi, Deputy Upper East Regional Director in charge of Public Health made this known in an interview with Ghana News Agency in Bolgatanga. He said open defecation, which is common in the region could be the cause of the epidemic.
Dr Larbi said the infection could also be transmitted through contaminated foods. He advised the public to drink clean water, avoid eating cold foods and wash their hands thoroughly before eating, and after visiting the toilet. He advocated the construction of public toilet facilities to discourage open defecation.
Dr Larbi said the Regional Health Directorate is collaborating with Regional Environmental Health Department to begin a chlorination exercise in the affected communities to clean drinking water sources, which are mostly wells.
--
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ProMED-mail from HealthMap Alerts
<promed@promedmail.org>
******
[2] Cholera - Ghana (Central Region)
Date: Fri 10 Oct 2014
Source: SpyGhana, Ghana News Agency (GNA) report [edited]
http://www.spyghana.com/central-region- ... era-cases/
Cholera cases in the Central Region have increased to 2098, Dr Kwaku Anin KariKari, the Central Regional Deputy Director of the Ghana Health Service, in charge of Public Health has said. As of 26 Sep 2014, a total of 36 people had died with Cape Coast, the regional capital leading with 13 deaths out of 922 cases.
Presenting the current situation on cholera in the region at the 6th Regional Civil Society Organisation Health Forum in Cape Coast on [Thu 9 Oct 2014], he said Ajumako Enyan Essiam was least affected with 12 cases and no deaths.
Agona West has recorded 468 cases with 9 deaths, Awutu Senya East had 364 cases with 4 deaths, Effutu, 73 cases with 1 death, Abura-Asebu-Kwamankese 57 cases with 2 deaths, Mfantseman 48 cases but no death and Komenda-Edina-Eguafo-Abrem had 47 cases with 3 deaths, Awutu Senya West, 36 cases and 1 death, Upper Denkyira East 33 cases without deaths, Twifo Hemang Lower Denkyira 31 cases 1 death, Agona East 18 cases with 1 death, Gomoa West 16 cases with 1 death, Gomoa East 13 cases with 1 death, and Asikuma-Odoben-Brakwa 11 cases but no deaths.
Dr Karikari said as at [28 Sep 2014], a total of 18 445 cases including 150 deaths, representing a case fatality rate of 0.8 percent had been reported from 9 out of 10 regions.
--
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<promed@promedmail.org>
******
[3] Cholera - Ghana (Western Region)
Date: Tue 7 Oct 2014
Source: Ghana Web [edited]
http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/h ... ?ID=329214
The Prestea-Huni-Valley District of the Western Region has recorded 13 reported cholera cases since August 2014. Out of that number, 7 cases have been confirmed and 1 death recorded.
Robert Nterful, the District Disease Control Officer who disclosed this, stated that the 1st of the cases was recorded at Huni-Valley. He indicated that infected person hailed from Kutukrom in the Nzema East Municipality but was diagnosed of the disease when he visited the hospital in Prestea. "The rest were recorded in Bogoso and other communities in the district."
He indicated that the district used to refer suspected cholera cases to the Public Health Reference Laboratory at the Effia-Nkwanta Regional Hospital in Sekondi. "But now, the laboratory at the Tarkwa Government Hospital has been equipped to conduct diagnosis on suspected cholera cases," he said.
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail
<promed@promedmail.org>
[The mortality from cholera is related to non-replacement of fluids and electrolytes from the diarrheal illness. .
As cited in Lutwick LI, Preis J: Cholera. In: Tropical Pediatrics. Roach RR, Greydanus DE, Patel DR, Homnick DN, Merrick J (eds), 2014, Nova Science Publishers, 2015 (in press), oral rehydration therapy can be life-saving in outbreaks of cholera and other forms of diarrhea:
As reviewed by Richard Guerrant and colleagues (1), it was in 1831 that cholera treatment could be accomplished by intravenous replacement and, although this therapy could produce dramatic improvements, not until 1960 was it first recognized that there was no true destruction of the intestinal mucosa and gastrointestinal rehydration therapy could be effective and the therapy could dramatically reduce the intravenous needs for rehydration. Indeed that this rehydration could be just as effective given orally than through an orogastric tube (for example, references 2 and 3) made it possible for oral rehydration therapy (ORT) to be used in rural remote areas and truly impact on the morbidity and mortality of cholera. Indeed, Guerrant (1) highlights the use of oral glucose-salt packets in war-torn Bangladeshi refugees, which reduced the mortality rate from 30 percent to 3.6 percent (4) and quotes sources referring to ORT as "potentially the most important medical advance" of the 20th century. A variety of formulations of ORT exist, generally glucose or rice powder based, which contain a variety of micronutrients, especially zinc (5).
The assessment of the degree of volume loss in those with diarrhea to approximate volume and fluid losses can be found in reference 6 below. Those with severe hypovolemia should be initially rehydrated intravenously with a fluid bolus of normal saline or Ringer's lactate solution of 20-30 ml/kg followed by 100 ml/kg in the 1st 4 hours and 100 ml/kg over the next 18 hours with regular reassessment. Those with lesser degrees of hypovolemia can be rehydrated orally with a glucose or rice-derived formula with up to 4 liters in the 1st 4 hours, and those with no hypovolemia can be given ORT after each liquid stool with frequent reevaluation.
References
----------
1. Guerrant RL, Carneiro-Filho BA, Dillingham RA: Cholera, diarrhea, and oral rehydration therapy: triumph and indictment. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37: 398-405; available at http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/37/3/398.long.
2. Gregorio GV, Gonzales MLM, Dans LF, Martinez EG: Polymer-based oral rehydration solution for treating acute watery diarrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009; (2): CD006519. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006519.pub2; abstract available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19370638.
3. Gore SM, Fontaine O, Pierce NF: Impact of rice based oral rehydration solution on stool output and duration of diarrhoea: meta-analysis of 13 clinical trials. BMJ 1992; 304(6822): 287-91; available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1881081/.
4. Mahalanabis D, Choudhuri AB, Bagchi NG, et al: Oral fluid therapy of cholera among Bangladesh refugees. Johns Hopkins Med 1973; 132(4): 197-205; available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article ... 421245.pdf.
5. Atia AN, Buchman AL: Oral rehydration solutions in non-cholera diarrhea: a review. Am J Gastroenterol 2009; 104(10): 2596-604; abstract available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19550407.
6. WHO: The treatment of diarrhoea, a manual for physicians and other senior health workers. 4th ed. 2005; available at http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2 ... 593180.pdf.
An illustration (supplied by Mod.JW) of how to make a "home brew" oral rehydration solution can be found at http://rehydrate.org/images/diy3.gif.
A HealthMap/ProMED-mail map of Ghana can be seen at http://healthmap.org/promed/p/53. The regions of Ghana can be seen on a map at http://www.ezilon.com/maps/images/afric ... -Ghana.gif. - Mod.LL]
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Cholera in Nigeria und Ghana
CHOLERA, DIARRHEA AND DYSENTERY UPDATE (74): AFRICA
*******************************************************************
A ProMED-mail post
http://www.promedmail.org
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
http://www.isid.org
In this update:
[1] Cholera - Nigeria (Adamawa State)
[2] Cholera - Ghana (Brong Ahafo Region)
[3] Cholera - Ghana
******
[1] Cholera - Nigeria (Adamawa State)
Date: Tue 14 Oct 2014
Source: National Mirror [edited]
http://nationalmirroronline.net/new/cho ... n-adamawa/
An outbreak of cholera has claimed the lives of over 20 persons in Murke community of Song local government area of Adamawa State.
The outbreak of the disease, which public officials said has the same symptoms as cholera, is threatening to wipe out the whole community as almost one individual in every household had been hit by the disease. Health workers mobilised to the community as part of an emergency response by the government to contain the cholera outbreak in the area have linked the incidence to lack of clean drinking water in the community.
Ms. Jummai Murke, a public health official in the area who spoke on the outbreak, said the incidence, which has become a perennial occurrence in the community as a result of the challenge faced by the people on access to potable water, had often resulted in the loss of lives.
She said the outbreak this year [2014] of a cholera-like symptom disease was severe, adding that virtually every household in the community had somebody who is plagued by the ailment.
According to her, already over 20 persons had died since the outbreak over the weekend. The district head of Murke, Yayaha Dahiru, has called on the state government to come to the aid of the community. He said the people of his district faced the threat of being wiped out by the recurring outbreak of cholera. According to him, the only source of drinking water in the community is water from a contaminated stream, which is responsible for their plight.
National Mirror learnt as at the time of filling this report that the primary health clinic in Murke had been completely overstretched by new cases. As a result, public health officials were being forced to attend to patients outside the facility, as many patients could be seen lying outside the health facility with drips on them.
[Byline: Livinus Menedi]
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[Adamawa is a state in northeastern Nigeria, with its capital at Yola. It was formed in 1991 from part of Gongola State. It borders on Cameroon. The state can be seen on a map at: http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamawa_ ... te_map.png. - Mod.LL
A HealthMap/ProMED-mail map is available at http://healthmap.org/promed/p/6479.]
******
[2] Cholera - Ghana (Brong Ahafo Region)
Date: Thu 16 Oct 2014
Source: Spy Ghana [edited]
http://www.spyghana.com/cholera-kills-8 ... s-college/
News reaching Spy Ghana indicate that about 8 students of Atebubu Teachers College of Education in the Brong Ahafo region have died of cholera, while many more are on admission at the Atebubu Government Hospital.
The principal of the college, Mr. Wayo Zakaria, who confirmed this via phone, said he is currently away in the Northern Region to bury [his] late mother when the sad news was relayed to him. He is currently on his [way] back to Atebubu to assess the situation.
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******
[3] Cholera - Ghana
Date: Thu 16 Oct 2014
Source: Ghana Web [edited]
http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/h ... ?ID=330709
The festering cholera epidemic has now affected more than 22 000 people in all the 10 regions of Ghana. At least 170 of those affected have died in different parts of the country.
Public health officials at the Ghana Health Service have described the epidemic as the worst ever in more than 3 decades. It is feared the numbers could soar further.
The diarrheal disease has taken a toll on residents in the national capital, Accra, especially, due to bad sanitation practices in coastal towns and slums.
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[This is the 1st report indirectly indicating cholera in the Northern Region of Ghana, the last of the regions to report cases. - Mod.LL
A HealthMap/ProMED-mail map is available at http://healthmap.org/promed/p/53.]
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In this update:
[1] Cholera - Nigeria (Adamawa State)
[2] Cholera - Ghana (Brong Ahafo Region)
[3] Cholera - Ghana
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[1] Cholera - Nigeria (Adamawa State)
Date: Tue 14 Oct 2014
Source: National Mirror [edited]
http://nationalmirroronline.net/new/cho ... n-adamawa/
An outbreak of cholera has claimed the lives of over 20 persons in Murke community of Song local government area of Adamawa State.
The outbreak of the disease, which public officials said has the same symptoms as cholera, is threatening to wipe out the whole community as almost one individual in every household had been hit by the disease. Health workers mobilised to the community as part of an emergency response by the government to contain the cholera outbreak in the area have linked the incidence to lack of clean drinking water in the community.
Ms. Jummai Murke, a public health official in the area who spoke on the outbreak, said the incidence, which has become a perennial occurrence in the community as a result of the challenge faced by the people on access to potable water, had often resulted in the loss of lives.
She said the outbreak this year [2014] of a cholera-like symptom disease was severe, adding that virtually every household in the community had somebody who is plagued by the ailment.
According to her, already over 20 persons had died since the outbreak over the weekend. The district head of Murke, Yayaha Dahiru, has called on the state government to come to the aid of the community. He said the people of his district faced the threat of being wiped out by the recurring outbreak of cholera. According to him, the only source of drinking water in the community is water from a contaminated stream, which is responsible for their plight.
National Mirror learnt as at the time of filling this report that the primary health clinic in Murke had been completely overstretched by new cases. As a result, public health officials were being forced to attend to patients outside the facility, as many patients could be seen lying outside the health facility with drips on them.
[Byline: Livinus Menedi]
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ProMED-mail from HealthMap Alerts
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[Adamawa is a state in northeastern Nigeria, with its capital at Yola. It was formed in 1991 from part of Gongola State. It borders on Cameroon. The state can be seen on a map at: http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamawa_ ... te_map.png. - Mod.LL
A HealthMap/ProMED-mail map is available at http://healthmap.org/promed/p/6479.]
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[2] Cholera - Ghana (Brong Ahafo Region)
Date: Thu 16 Oct 2014
Source: Spy Ghana [edited]
http://www.spyghana.com/cholera-kills-8 ... s-college/
News reaching Spy Ghana indicate that about 8 students of Atebubu Teachers College of Education in the Brong Ahafo region have died of cholera, while many more are on admission at the Atebubu Government Hospital.
The principal of the college, Mr. Wayo Zakaria, who confirmed this via phone, said he is currently away in the Northern Region to bury [his] late mother when the sad news was relayed to him. He is currently on his [way] back to Atebubu to assess the situation.
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[3] Cholera - Ghana
Date: Thu 16 Oct 2014
Source: Ghana Web [edited]
http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/h ... ?ID=330709
The festering cholera epidemic has now affected more than 22 000 people in all the 10 regions of Ghana. At least 170 of those affected have died in different parts of the country.
Public health officials at the Ghana Health Service have described the epidemic as the worst ever in more than 3 decades. It is feared the numbers could soar further.
The diarrheal disease has taken a toll on residents in the national capital, Accra, especially, due to bad sanitation practices in coastal towns and slums.
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[This is the 1st report indirectly indicating cholera in the Northern Region of Ghana, the last of the regions to report cases. - Mod.LL
A HealthMap/ProMED-mail map is available at http://healthmap.org/promed/p/53.]
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Gelbfieber in Angola
More than 150 killed in Angola yellow fever outbreakA yellow fever epidemic has killed 158 people in Angola, with more than 50 deaths occurring last month alone, the World Health Organization officials have said. A WHO representative in the capital, Luanda, said on Friday that the "possibility of spreading to other provinces" was much higher and deaths due to the viral disease transmitted by mosquitoes has been accelerating. "The possibility of spreading out to other provinces or even to the all country is much higher than if it had happened in a rural area," Hernando Agudelo Ospina said. "This is an urban pattern of outbreak of Yellow Fever and it is much more complicated to tackle and deal with."
18.03.2016 - Aljazeera
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Ralf Kiefer
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Meningitis Ausbruch in Nigeria
In Nigeria gibt es den heftigsten Meningitis Ausbruch seit acht Jahren. 140 Menschen wurden bereits getötet. Der in Nigeria eher selten vorkommende Erregerstamm wurde vermutlich aus Niger eingeschleppt.
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Alexander
International Business Times: Meningitis kills 140 people in Nigeria in worst outbreak since 2009More than 1,000 people have been infected, amid fears the death toll could increase if the epidemic reaches crowded areas such as refugee camps.
It is believed the new strain of Cerebro Spinal Meningitis (CSM) is not common in Nigeria and was imported from Niger Republic, Minister of Health Isaac Adewole told News Agency of Nigeria (NAN). Thus new vaccines are required to immunise people.
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Alexander
The one who follows the crowd will usually go no further than the crowd. Those who walk alone are likely to find themselves in places no one has ever been before.
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Alexander
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Hepatitis in Nigeria
Ärzte ohne Grenzen: Hepatitis-E-Ausbruch in der Region Diffa ist Folge schlechter Lebensbedingungen für Flüchtlinge und VertriebeneDie Behörden in Niger haben in der vergangenen Woche offiziell einen Hepatitis-E-Ausbruch* in der Region Diffa erklärt. Seit Dezember 2016 wurden in der Region 135 Fälle der Infektion registriert. 25 Schwangere sind dort seitdem an Hepatitis E gestorben. Der Ausbruch ist eine Folge der schlechten Lebensbedingungen, unter denen die Flüchtlinge und Vertriebenen in der Region leben müssen. Die Menschen haben nicht ausreichend sauberes Wasser, und die Qualität der sanitären Anlagen ist schlecht.
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Alexander
The one who follows the crowd will usually go no further than the crowd. Those who walk alone are likely to find themselves in places no one has ever been before.
· · · Wüstenschiff-Veranstaltungsübersicht 2026 —> Alle Reise-Events auf einen Blick - Check it out !!!
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· · · · · · · Geschlossene Gruppen —> Die neue Wüstenschiff-Funktion
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Lassa Fieber in Nigeria
Seit einigen Wochen befindet sich das Lassa Fieber in Nigeria auf dem Vormarsch. In 22 Staaten wurden mehrere hundert Neuerkrankungen gemeldet von denen über hundert tödlich endeten.
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Alexander
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Alexander
The one who follows the crowd will usually go no further than the crowd. Those who walk alone are likely to find themselves in places no one has ever been before.
· · · Wüstenschiff-Veranstaltungsübersicht 2026 —> Alle Reise-Events auf einen Blick - Check it out !!!
· · · · · Werde Wüstenschiff-Werbepartner —> Firmen, die Wüstenschiff-Aktionen in Afrika unterstützen
· · · · · · · Geschlossene Gruppen —> Die neue Wüstenschiff-Funktion
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· · · · · · · Geschlossene Gruppen —> Die neue Wüstenschiff-Funktion
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Birgitt
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Cholera in DRC und Sambia / Gelbfieber in Nigeria
Demokratische Republik Kongo - Cholera
05.01.2018
Nach einem leichten Rückgang der Neuinfektionen steigen die Fallzahlen seit Mitte Dezember 2016 wieder an. Im letzten Jahr wurden etwa 52.775 Erkrankungen und 1.090 Todesfälle gemeldet. Die meisten Infektionen werden weiterhin aus den östlichen Provinzen gemeldet. Seit Ende November 2017 gibt es einen Ausbruch in der Hauptstadt Kinshasa mit 123 Erkrankungs- und 10 Todesfällen. Hygiene und ggf. Impfschutz beachten. / Quelle: crm
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Nigeria - Gelbfieber
05.01.2018
Im September sind im Bundesstaat Kwara (W) 2 Mädchen erkrankt. Die Behörden haben Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen eingeleitet, eine Impfkampagne hat begonnen. Bis Mitte Dezember wurden landesweit 341 Verdachtsfälle und 45 Todesfälle gemeldet, u.a. die Bundesstaaten Abia, Borno, Kano, Kwara, Kogi, Kebbi, Plateau, und Zamfara sind betroffen. Eine Impfung ist für alle Reisenden empfohlen. / Quelle: crm
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Sambia - Darminfektionen
05.01.2018
Risiko für Durchfallerkrankungen landesweit; Cholera tritt während der Regenzeit (Oktober bis März) regelmäßig auf. Der letzte große Ausbruch wurde Anfang 2016 gemeldet. Am stärksten betroffen war die Hauptstadt Lusaka. Seit Anfang Oktober letzten Jahres sind die Fallzahlen dort erneut auf ca. 2.000 angestiegen. 42 Menschen sind verstorben. In mehreren Regionen des Landes werden immer wieder Typhus-Ausbrüche registriert. Hygiene und ggf. Impfschutz beachten. / Quelle: crm
Gruß
Birgitt
05.01.2018
Nach einem leichten Rückgang der Neuinfektionen steigen die Fallzahlen seit Mitte Dezember 2016 wieder an. Im letzten Jahr wurden etwa 52.775 Erkrankungen und 1.090 Todesfälle gemeldet. Die meisten Infektionen werden weiterhin aus den östlichen Provinzen gemeldet. Seit Ende November 2017 gibt es einen Ausbruch in der Hauptstadt Kinshasa mit 123 Erkrankungs- und 10 Todesfällen. Hygiene und ggf. Impfschutz beachten. / Quelle: crm
__________
Nigeria - Gelbfieber
05.01.2018
Im September sind im Bundesstaat Kwara (W) 2 Mädchen erkrankt. Die Behörden haben Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen eingeleitet, eine Impfkampagne hat begonnen. Bis Mitte Dezember wurden landesweit 341 Verdachtsfälle und 45 Todesfälle gemeldet, u.a. die Bundesstaaten Abia, Borno, Kano, Kwara, Kogi, Kebbi, Plateau, und Zamfara sind betroffen. Eine Impfung ist für alle Reisenden empfohlen. / Quelle: crm
__________
Sambia - Darminfektionen
05.01.2018
Risiko für Durchfallerkrankungen landesweit; Cholera tritt während der Regenzeit (Oktober bis März) regelmäßig auf. Der letzte große Ausbruch wurde Anfang 2016 gemeldet. Am stärksten betroffen war die Hauptstadt Lusaka. Seit Anfang Oktober letzten Jahres sind die Fallzahlen dort erneut auf ca. 2.000 angestiegen. 42 Menschen sind verstorben. In mehreren Regionen des Landes werden immer wieder Typhus-Ausbrüche registriert. Hygiene und ggf. Impfschutz beachten. / Quelle: crm
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Birgitt
