Wüstenschiff

Jetzt scheint das ICIPE eine Lösung gefunden zu haben. Die Wissenschaftler haben eine chemische Verbindung entdeckt, die dem Geruch von Wasserböcken ähnelt. Wenn Rinder damit behandelt werden, sinkt die Zahl der Tsetsefliegen-Bisse um rund 90 Prozent. Rajinder Kumar Saini leitet die Abteilung für Tiergesundheit beim ICIPE. Er arbeitet schon seit 30 Jahren mit Tsetsefliegen.
Zunächst begannen er und seine Kollegen damit, Wasserböcke zu beobachten. Dabei stellten sie fest, dass die Fliegen sie nicht stechen. Zusammen mit seinem Team entwickelte Saini daraufhin ein Abwehrmittel. Es besteht aus fünf Chemikalien und riecht nach - Wasserböcken.
Ein simples Halsband reicht

Mit dieser einfachen Kette können Tsetse-Fliegen vetrieben werden
Ein Halsband mit dem Abwehrmittel wird den Rindern umgelegt und verhindert so, dass sich die Fliegen auf den Tieren niederlassen. Es kann auch an verschiedene Stellen auf einer Weide platziert werden. "Das ist von den Tierhaltern gut angenommen worden", sagt Dr. Saini. "Die Rückmeldungen zeigen, dass die Rinder sich vermehren und der Unterschied zwischen geschützten und ungeschützten Herden ist erkennbar."

Wasserbockkette gegen Tsetse-Fliege in Kenia

Weiß jemand zufällig, wo man diese Halsbänder erhalten kann? Würde sie gerne testen. Kann ja nicht schaden sich so etwas ins Auto zu hängen.

Herzliche Grüße
Marina

Hallo,

habe gestern per email Kontakt mit dem Forscher Dr. Saini hinsichtlich des Tsetse-Abwehrhalsbandes aufgenommen.

Hier seine Antwort auf meine Fragen hinsichtlich eines Einsatzes für Menschen und ob man das Halsband schon irgendwo erwerben kann:

Diese Halsbänder sind nicht nur für Vieh geeignet. Sie könnten auch in Safariautos gehängt/gelegt werden.

Wir müssen aber dieses Abwehrmittel auch noch bei anderen Fliegenarten überprüfen. Der Wasserbock-Duftstoff ist speziell in der Masai Mara und Serengti auf seine Effektivität hin nicht getestet worden.

Außerdem muss das Repellent auch noch auf andere Spezies untersucht werden, die die humane Schlafkrankeit übertragen, wie die in Westafrika vorkommenden Arten.

In diesen Fällen könnten die Dispenser außerhalb der menschlichen Hütten angebracht werden und schließlich konnten wir sie auch für Menschen zu entwickeln. All dies braucht mehr Forschung, für die wir zusätzliche Mittel benötigen.

Ich hoffe, dass Artikel - wie der in der Deutschen Welle veröffentlicht – dazu beitragen werden, mehr Interesse bei den Spendern zu generieren.

Auch müssen wir diese Halsbänder als Kunststoff-Modell entwickeln, die preiswert und langlebig sein sollten. Das wird die nächste Phase sein.

Bislang sind die Halsbänder nicht im Handel erhältlich.

HG Marina

TRYPANOSOMIASIS, HUMAN - NIGERIA: (KEBBI)
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Date: 5 Jul 2012
Source: The Nation Online [edited]
http://www.thenationonlineng.net/2011/i ... kness.html


There are high numbers of trypanosomiasis, or sleeping sickness, cases in the southern part of Bargu area of the Bagudo Local Government Area of Kebbi state, necessitating urgent remedial action. The Zonal Director of the Northwest for the Nigerian Institute for Trypanosomiasis Research, Dr Abdulkadri Abubakari, revealed this situation, calling on the state government to act fast.

The disease attacks the immune system of humans and animals, sometimes manifesting in sleeping disorders, hence the name. It also kills. In addition to trypanosomiasis, there is also a high case count of river blindness in the same area, although Abubakar said his institute lacked the statistics to show whether the diseases were also an issue in other parts of the state. But the institute zonal director urged the state governor Alhaji Saidu Dakingari to respond quickly in order to contain the disease.

He made the call while addressing Fulani and community leaders on the danger of the diseases at the Brinin Kebbi Local Government Area of the state. He added that the institute has started an awareness campaign in the state. "We are in the Birnin Kebbi Local Government area with my team to meet with the Fulani and community leaders of the local government on the activities of my office towards a campaign against tryponasomiasis disease," he said. "We want to let people know, especially the Fulani of group Miyatti Allah, that we have a zonal office here in Birnin Kebbi for the Northwest for the surveillance and control of trypanosomiasis and river blindness in case of any outbreak. My office does not have full statistics of the disease in Kebbi state yet, but the disease is not prevalent in the state, only in the southern part of the Bargu area in the Bagudo Local Government area of Kebbi state for now, but it [has a] high [case count]." He said trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) is a disease caused by protozoan parasites which are transmitted by tse-tse flies.

He further pointed out that the World Health Organization (WHO) reports that more than 60 million people are at risk of becoming infected with sleeping sickness in Africa, with 500 000 already infected, while 25 000 die every year. The disease is endemic in Nigeria.

Abubakar said the disease could be cured in its early stages with appropriate drugs, adding that it can be prevented by getting rid of the vector.

[byline: Khadijat Saidu]

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[According to the WHO (http://apps.who.int/neglected_diseases/ ... t/hat.html and http://www.who.int/gho/neglected_diseas ... index.html), Nigeria reported 2 cases of human African trypanosomiasis, HAT, in 2010, the latest year for which data are available. Clearly, this is an underreporting. - Mod.EP

A HealthMap/ProMED-mail map can be accessed at: http://healthmap.org/r/1qGF.]

TRYPANOSOMIASIS - USA ex ZIMBABWE
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Date: Fri 12 Oct 2012
From: John Egan, MD [edited]



Imported case of trypanosomiasis infected in Zimbabwe
-----------------------------------------------------
[Here we report the] case of a 64 year old Minneapolis woman who accompanied her husband on safari in Zimbabwe for 3 weeks in September 2012.

She returned on 4 Oct 2012 and developed high fever, nausea, and diffuse myalgias on 6 October. She presented to the emergency department on 10 Oct 2012 and was admitted after trypanosomes were seen on a peripheral blood malaria/parasite smear. Rapid clinical deterioration and normal CSF studies were consistent with _Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense_ infection or East African sleeping sickness. The patient received treatment with suramin with multi-system organ failure and remains in the intensive care unit at Abbott Northwestern Hospital in Minneapolis, Minnesota.

--
John Egan, MD


[Trypanososmiasis has been reported sporadically in tourists from East Africa over the past decade (see below). It is important to know which game reserve the patient visited, whether towards Botswana or in the north towards Zambia or Mozambique. Trypanosomiasis has emerged in Central and East Africa over the past 2 decades, with the 1st reports of infections in tourists in 2000 (see below). This is the 1st report in ProMED-mail of human trypanosomiasis in a tourist infected in Zimbabwe. - Mod.EP

A HealthMap/ProMED-mail map can be accessed at: http://healthmap.org/r/1AY4.]

TRYPANOSOMIASIS - SWEDEN ex TANZANIA
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Date: Thu 20 Dec 2012
From: Urban Hellgren <urban.hellgren@karolinska.se> [edited]


African trypanosomiasis after a safari to Tanzania
--------------------------------------------------
A previously healthy woman of Swedish origin has been diagnosed with African trypanosomiasis most probably _Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense_ on 3 Dec 2012 after a tourist visit to north western Tanzania.

She fell ill with fever, malaise, muscular pain, and slight headache 2 days earlier on 1 Dec 2012. The blood parasitemia was quite high (about 70 trypomastigotes/microliter blood) but no trypomastigotes were found in the CSF.

Treatment with suramin was given and the patient has improved. The safari included a game drive and one night at a lodge in Lake Manyara National Park (19-20 Nov 2012), 3 nights and several game drives in Serengeti (20-23 Nov 2012), and finally one night and a game drive in Ngorongoro crater.

The patient could not recall any bites of tsetse flies during her visit to the national parks (NPs). The NPs in north western Tanzania are well known endemic areas for human trypanosomiasis but it is difficult to establish where the patient was infected. During the 1st half year of 2001 a total of 7 cases were reported among visitors to Serengeti, Ngorongoro, and lake Manyara NPs. (Jelinek, et al. 2001).

As a response to this an extensive vector control program was initiated. During the following 10 years only occasional reports have been found in the literature on human trypanosomiasis transmission from this area and one posting on ProMED mail (tourist to Serengeti 2005).

It thus seems as if the incidence has decreased considerably. Hopefully, the present case is not the 1st sign of an increasing risk for sleeping sickness in the north western NPs in Tanzania. These parks are major tourist destinations and it is important to suspect trypanosomiasis in all visitors with non-malarious fevers.

--
Urban Hellgren(1) MD, Magnus Holmsten(1) MD, and Teodor Capraru(2) MD
Departments of Infectious Diseases(1) and Microbiology(2).
Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge
S-141 86 Stockholm Sweden
Ann-Charlott Lindholm MD
Department of Infectious diseases
Malarsjukhuset
S-631 88 Eskilstuna
Sweden
<urban.hellgren@karolinska.se>

Reference
---------
Jelinek T, Bisoffi Z, Bonazzi L et al. Cluster of African trypanosomiasis in travelers to Tanzanian national parks. Emerg Infect Dis. 2002 Jun; 8(6): 634-5 [available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2738477/].

[ProMED-mail thanks Urban Hellgren and colleagues for submitting this report. It is suggested that the risk has declined in Serengeti National Park since 2005 based on fewer reports. However, this can not be concluded for certain if the number of visitors at risk is not known. The latest report of trypanosomiasis in a visitor to East Africa was from Masai Mara in March 2012. - Mod.EP

A HealthMap/ProMED-mail interactive map of Tanzania can be seen at http://healthmap.org/r/1_6t. A map showing Tanzania's national parks can be seen at http://www.africansafariroots.com/image ... arge01.jpg. - Sr.Tech.Ed.MJ]

TRYPANOSOMIASIS, AFRICAN - ZAMBIA: (LUSAKA)
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Date: Tue 22 Apr 2014
Source: The Global Dispatch [edited]
http://www.theglobaldispatch.com/zambia ... nce-14762/


An outbreak of the deadly parasitic disease, African sleeping sickness, or African trypanosomiasis, has been reported in Rufunsa District in Lusaka Province, according to Member of Parliament Kenneth Chipungu.

The Times of Zambia reports 8 cases had been recorded at Mupanshya Hospital. Mr Chipungu said the outbreak was due to an increase in tsetse flies mainly in the areas that border the Game Management Areas (GMAs) owing to the constant interaction with wild animals. Chipungu also noted an increase in malaria cases in the area.

Often a fatal disease with 15 000-20 000 cases reported annually, more than 60 million people are at risk in more than 30 African countries. One of the true tropical diseases, African sleeping sickness is endemic only in sub-Saharan Africa, bounded by 15 deg North and South latitudes. Two varieties of African sleeping sickness exist: one primarily in East Africa caused by the parasite _Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense_. _T. b. rhodesiense_ produces an acute infection that will usually cause severe illness and death in weeks to months.

The other species is _Trypanosoma brucei gambiense_. This parasite is found in West and Central Africa. However, the 2 species are showing some geographic overlap. This infection progresses more slowly and may require months to years for disease to appear.
Both types of sleeping sickness are caused by the bite of a tsetse fly. These vicious little bugs depend on blood meals for their nutrients. It gets the blood from mammals, including humans. The tsetse fly has a very painful bite, and a traveler will certainly remember getting bitten. When taking a blood meal, the fly injects the parasite into the skin. From here the parasite is carried to the lymphatic system and eventually the bloodstream. It goes through stages in the body and eventually ends up in the spinal fluid.

According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], treatment should be started as soon as possible and is based on the infected person's symptoms and laboratory results. The drug regimen depends on the infecting species and the stage of infection. Pentamidine isethionate and suramin (under an Investigational New Drug Protocol from the CDC Drug Service) are the drugs of choice to treat the hemolymphatic stages of West and East African trypanosomiasis, respectively. Melarsoprol is the drug of choice for late disease with central nervous system involvement (infections by _T. b. gambiense_ or _T. b. rhodiense_). There is no vaccine for African trypanosomes. Prevention is by preventing tsetse fly bites.

[Byline: Robert Herriman]

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[WHO reports that "Countries such as, Angola, Cameroon, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe are reporting fewer than 100 new cases per year" (Trypanosomiasis, human African (sleeping sickness) fact sheet, http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs259/en/).

A review of tsetse fly distribution in Zimbabwe and Zambia from 1992 shows that the area around Lusaka is considered free from tsetse (http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/t0599e/T0599E12.htm). A recent estimate of the distribution of suitable areas for tsetse flies can be found at PAAT (Program Against African Trypanosomiasis, http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/programme ... outhafrica). - Mod.EP

A HealthMap/ProMED-mail map can be accessed at: http://healthmap.org/promed/p/2939.]